Stand-alone and Hybrid Wind Energy Systems: Technology, Energy Storage and Applications

569 Pages·2010·9.54 MB·English

by  J. K. Kaldellis

Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 6
Stand-alone and
hybrid wind
energy systems
Technology, energy storage
and applications
Edited by
J. K. Kaldellis
Oxford Cambridge New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park,
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First published 2010, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Contents
Contributor contact details xiii
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy xvii
Preface xix
Part I Fundamental science and engineering of stand-alone
and hybrid wind energy systems and energy storage
technology 1
1 Overview of stand-alone and hybrid wind energy
systems 3
J. K. Kaldellis, TEI of Piraeus, Greece
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Description of a wind-based stand-alone energy system 4
1.3 Description of a stand-alone hybrid energy system 7
1.4 Energy storage opportunities of stand-alone hybrid
energy systems 11
1.5 Applications of stand-alone and hybrid energy
systems 13
1.6 The future of stand-alone hybrid energy systems 24
1.7 References 26
2 Overview of energy storage technologies for
renewable energy systems 29
D. P. Zafi rakis, TEI of Piraeus, Greece
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Description of a typical energy storage system (ESS) 32
2.3 Application range of energy storage systems (ESSs):
category of generation 42
2.4 Application range of energy storage systems (ESSs):
category of transmission and distribution 44
v
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
vi Contents
2.5 Application range of energy storage systems (ESSs):
category of customer service 46
2.6 Application range of energy storage systems (ESSs):
requirements of electricity applications 47
2.7 Contemporary energy storage systems (ESSs) 49
2.8 Mechanical energy storage 50
2.9 Chemical energy storage 53
2.10 Electrical energy storage 61
2.11 Comparison of energy storage systems (ESSs) 63
2.12 Future trends 72
2.13 References 74
3 Design and performance optimisation of stand-alone
and hybrid wind energy systems 81
E. Kondili, TEI of Piraeus, Greece
3.1 Introduction: scope and objectives of the chapter 81
3.2 Energy systems modelling 82
3.3 Synthesis, design and operation of a hybrid energy
system 87
3.4 Hybrid energy systems optimisation techniques 91
3.5 Software tools for the simulation and optimisation of
hybrid energy systems 94
3.6 Summary of optimisation techniques 96
3.7 Future trends 97
3.8 References and further reading 98
4 Feasibility assessment for stand-alone and hybrid
wind energy systems 102
J. K. Kaldellis, TEI of Piraeus, Greece
4.1 Introduction 102
4.2 First installation cost of a typical stand-alone hybrid
electricity generation wind-based (HEW) system 104
4.3 Maintenance and operation cost of a typical stand-alone
hybrid electricity generation wind-based (HEW) system 107
4.4 Cost-benefi t analysis of a typical stand-alone hybrid
electricity generation wind-based (HEW) system 109
4.5 Reliability impact-loss of load cost of a typical stand-alone
hybrid electricity generation wind-based (HEW) system 112
4.6 Electricity generation cost of a typical stand-alone hybrid
electricity generation wind-based (HEW) system 114
4.7 Socio-environmental impacts of stand-alone hybrid
electricity generation wind-based (HEW) systems 115
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Contents vii
4.8 Analysis of case studies of stand-alone hybrid electricity
generation wind-based (HEW) systems 121
4.9 Sensitivity analysis of the fi nancial behaviour of
stand-alone hybrid electricity generation wind-based
(HEW) systems 145
4.10 Conclusions 155
4.11 References 156
Part II Development of stand-alone and hybrid wind energy
systems and energy storage technology 163
5 Stand-alone wind energy systems 165
D. Wood, University of Newcastle, Australia and
P. Freere, Monash University, Australia
5.1 Introduction 165
5.2 Stand-alone wind energy systems 166
5.3 Small wind turbine technology 170
5.4 Control and electronics 177
5.5 Stand-alone power systems 183
5.6 Further aspects of system sizing 185
5.7 Conclusions 188
5.8 References 189
6 Hybrid wind–diesel energy systems 191
G. Bhuvaneswari and R. Balasubramanian,
Indian Institute of Technology (Delhi), India
6.1 Introduction 191
6.2 Overview of wind–diesel generation system 192
6.3 Wind turbine sizing in a hybrid wind–diesel scheme 194
6.4 Wind–diesel systems: design considerations 195
6.5 Components of a hybrid wind–diesel system 197
6.6 Control strategies for wind–diesel generation
systems 199
6.7 Modelling and simulation of wind–diesel systems 207
6.8 Conclusions 211
6.9 Future trends 213
6.10 References 214
7 Hybrid wind–photovoltaic energy systems 216
G. Notton, University of Corsica, France
7.1 Introduction 216
7.2 Renewable energy resources and their potential 216
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
viii Contents
7.3 Design and confi guration of a wind–photovoltaic (PV)
hybrid energy system 226
7.4 Modelling and simulation of a wind–photovoltaic (PV)
hybrid energy system 227
7.5 Sizing and optimization of a wind–photovoltaic (PV)
hybrid energy system 239
7.6 Wind–photovoltaic (PV) hybrid energy system: case
studies 242
7.7 Future trends 247
7.8 Conclusions 248
7.9 References 248
7.10 Nomenclature 251
8 Hybrid wind–hydrogen energy systems 254
T. Tsoutsos, Technical University of Crete, Greece
8.1 Introduction 254
8.2 Design of wind electrolysis production systems 255
8.3 Design of hydrogen storage systems 260
8.4 Optimization of wind–hydrogen power systems 263
8.5 Environmental impact assessment of wind–hydrogen
systems 267
8.6 Market potential and barriers for wind–hydrogen
systems 272
8.7 Future trends 274
8.8 Sources of further information and advice 279
8.9 References 279
8.10 Abbreviations 281
9 Hybrid wind–hydropower energy systems 282
O. A. Jaramillo, O. Rodríguez-Hernández and
A. Fuentes-Toledo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma
de México, Mexico
9.1 Introduction 282
9.2 The need to couple wind–hydropower systems
(WHPS) 283
9.3 Different types of wind–hydropower systems (WHPS) 284
9.4 Research and development of wind–hydropower systems
(WHPS) (modelling/simulation and evaluation
experience) 302
9.5 Benefi ts and limitations of wind–hydropower systems
(WHPS) 310
9.6 Different operational policies and techniques for
isolated grids 314
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Contents ix
9.7 Environmental impacts of wind–hydropower systems
(WHPS) 315
9.8 The economics of wind–hydropower systems (WHPS) 316
9.9 Conclusions 318
9.10 Acknowledgements 319
9.11 References 320
10 Electro-chemical energy storage technologies for
wind energy systems 323
M. Skyllas-Kazacos, University of New South Wales,
Australia
10.1 Introduction 323
10.2 Off-grid or remote power systems 324
10.3 Wind–diesel grids 326
10.4 Large grid-connected wind farms 328
10.5 Energy storage 329
10.6 Fundamentals of electrochemical cells 329
10.7 Types of electrochemical energy storage technologies 335
10.8 Electrochemical capacitors (EC) 335
10.9 Fuel cells 336
10.10 Lead–acid battery 339
10.11 Nickel–metal hydride batteries 343
10.12 Li ion battery 344
10.13 Metal–air battery 346
10.14 Sodium–sulphur (NaS) battery 347
10.15 The zero emissions battery research activity (ZEBRA)
battery 350
10.16 Flow batteries 352
10.17 Zn/Br battery 354
10.18 All-vanadium redox battery (G1 VB) 357
10.19 Vanadium bromide redox battery (G2 V/Br) 361
10.20 Summary 362
10.21 References 363
11 Flywheel energy storage technologies for wind
energy systems 366
A. Ruddell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
UK
11.1 Introduction 366
11.2 Flywheel design and construction 368
11.3 Features and limitations of fl ywheel storage technology 375
11.4 Technology status of fl ywheel storage technology 377
11.5 Application of fl ywheel storage technology 383
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010