Stabilizing the nomenclature of fabrician names of North American hairstreaks (Lycaenidae : Theclinae : Eumaeini)

2006·2.9 MB·

86 Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society
JournaloftheLepidopterists'Society
60(2),2006,S6-91
STABILIZINGTHE NOMENCLATURE OF FABRICIAN NAMES OF
NORTH AMERICAN HAIRSTREAKS (LYCAENIDAE: THECLINAE: EUMAEINI)
ROBERTK.ROBBINS
DepartmentofEntomology,POBox37012. NHBStop 105
SmithsonianInstitution,Washington,DC20013-7012USA.email: [email protected]
AND
GERARDO LAMAS
MuseodeHistoriaNatural,UniversidadNacional MayordeSanMarcos
Apartado14-0434,Lima-14,PERUemail:[email protected]
ABSTRACT. FouractionsaretakentopreservenomenclaturalstabilityofNearctichairstreaknamesproposedbyFabricius. Followingthe
proxisionsofICZNArticle23.9.1,TheclaliparopsLeConte, 1833ismadeanomenprotection andHesperiaanacreon Fabricius,1793ismade
anomenoblitum Theclam-album Boisduval&LeConte, 1833ismadeanomenprotectantandHesperiaeuripidesFabricius, 1793ismade
anomen oblitum Ltjcusniphon Hiibner, [1819] ismadeanomenprotection andHesperiaplautus Fabricius, 1793ismadeanomen obli-
tum. ThenameHesperiacecropsFabricius, 1793cannotbedetermineddefinitivelyfromtheoriginaldescriptionandmightapplytodifferent
biologicalspecies. Wedesignateaneotype forHesperiacecropsFabricius, 1793 followingtheprovisionsofICZN Article75.3,withthenew
typelocalityofSavannah,Georgia,USA. NewinformationontheidentityofPapiliomarsFabricius, 1776andHesperiatitusFabricius,1793is
consistentwithcurrentusage. TheidentityofHesperiacolumella Fabricius, 1793wascorrectedpreviously, andPapilioixion Fabricius, 1775
remainsanomendubium.
Additionalkeywords: ICZNArticle23.9.1, Fabricius,Icones,Jones, Nearctic,TaxonomicStability.
Between 1775 and 1807, Johann Christian Fabricius review and stabilize the nomenclature for those
named 1,648 lepidopteran species (Zimsen 1964), Fabrician names that refer to the Nearctic Eumaeini.
—
including about 35 that belong to or have been The name ofone species that occurs in southern Texas
—
thought to belong to the Eumaeini (Lycaenidae: (Hesperia lierodotus Fabricius) will be treated
Theclinae) (Robbins & Lamas in prep.). The exact elsewhere (Robbins & Lamas in prep.) because it is
number is unclear because the identity of many primarily a Neotropical species (Robbins & Duarte
Fabrician lycaenid species has been uncertain (e.g., 2005).
Druce 1907: 568, Draudt 1919-1920: 825). Fewtypes
Materials and Methods
are extant (Zimsen 1964). Verbal descriptions were
rarely sufficiently detailed to identify species. Fabrician names that belong to the Nearctic
Descriptions were not accompanied by published Eumaeiniwere determinedbyasearch oftheliterature
illustrations, and some names thatwere illustratedlater and by examining a set ofphotographic color slides of
in unpublished manuscripts were not necessarily the Jones' Icones made by the Hope Department of
same species diat Fabricius had originally described Entomology at Oxford University. These names are
(Robbins & Lamas in prep.). Finally, type localities listed below alphabetically and historical use ofeach is
were usuallyinaccurate. outlined. Wefigurethosenamesthatwereillustratedin
In one ofhis laterworks Fabricius (1793) sometimes Jones and note whether the Jones illustration was
referenced illustrations in an unpublished book by referencedindieoriginal description. Althougheach of
WilliamJones [P-1818] calledthe"Icones" (Lamas 1979 these illustrations (Figs. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11) was cited by
and included references). This book was never Fabricius (1793) as being in Jones' Volume 6, they are
published, andthe manuscriptnowbelongstothe Hope currentlylistedinVolume5inthe Hope Departmentof
Department of Entomology, University of Oxford, Entomology Librarytitle cardwith anote that they are
England (Smith 1986). Illustrations from the the same as Volume 6 in Fabricius. Plate and figure
manuscript were used to identify some Neotropical numbers are identical in both sources and are cited in
Eumaeini (Robbins 2004), but the application of the legend forfigures 1-12.
Fabrician names that belong to the Nearctic Eumaeini Identification of species illustrated by Jones was
has not been reviewed. As detailed in this paper, the based primarily upon wing pattern characters. Wing
stabilityoffour North American names that have been venation, especially the radial veins, usually cannot be
usedwidelyand consistently for more than a centuryis seen clearlyinJones' illustrations.
i jeopardy The primary purpose of this paper is to Under Article 23.9.1 of the International Code of
Volume 60, Number 2 ST
Figs. 1-8. Upperside (left) andunderside. 1. Hesperiaanacreon inJones' Icones (plate5, fig. 4). 2. Satyrium liparops, female.
Atlanta, Georgia. 3. Hesperiacecrops inJones' Icones (plate21, fig. 2). 4. Calycopiscecrops, maleneotype, seetextforfulldata.
5. Hesperiaeuripides inJones' Icones (plate 13, fig. 4). 6. Parrhasius m-alhum, female, Savannah, Georgia. 7. Papilio mars in
Jones' Icones (plate 18, fig. 2). 8. Strymon acis, female, BigPine Key, Florida. 9. HesperiaplautusinJones' Icones (plate44. fig.
1). 10.Callophnjsniphon,male,Alexandria,Virginia. 11.HesperiatitusinJones' Icones(plate44,fig.2). 12. Satyriumtitus.male,
Alexandria,Virginia.
Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society'
Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999), if an older Strymon strigosus diparops Michener &
name, such asthree ofthoseidentified inthispaper,was dos Passos, 1942; type locality: Colorado, USA
not applied to a species after 1899 and the younger Satyriurn liparops floridensis Gatrelle, 2001, type
name has been used by at least 10 different authors in locality: Florida, USA~
25works overdiepast50years (butnotinlessthana 10
year span), then the younger name is to be protected. 2. Hesperia cecrops Fabricius, 1793
The references required by this article are cited in the Although Hesperia cecrops was described from
Appendix. Finally,weuse ICZN Article 75.3topropose "Indiis", it has been treated as a NewWorld species for
a neotype to preserve current usage of a name that more than 125 years, usually as the North American
cannot be identified with certainty from the original endemic that is currently called Cahjcopis cecrops
description. (Butler 1870, Scudder 1876, Draudt 1919-1920,
Holland 1931, Klots 1951, Clench 1961, Field 1967,
Results Howe 1975, Scott 1986, Opler & Malikul 1992,
1. Hesperia anacreon Fabricius, 1793 D'Abrera 1993, Glassberg 1999, Fig. 4).
The illustration in Jones ofHesperia anacreon,which Despite its consistent usage, identification of
was referenced in the original description ofFabricius, Hesperia cecrops is unc—lear. Identification ofthe Jones
is the same species that is currently called Satyriurn illustration (Fig. 3) r—eferenced in the original
liparops (Clench 1961, Scott 1986) (Figs. 1, 2). The description of Fabricius might conceivably refer to
pattern of off-setwhite lines ontheventralwings ofthe one ofseveral species ofCahjcopis. Theprominentred
Jones illustration can referto no other species in North basal edging ofthe postmedian line is consistent with
America (Clench 1961) or elsewhere (Robbins, thewingpatternofC. cecrops (Figs. 3, 4) aswellaswith
unpubl.). some other Cahjcopis species (Field 1967). The dorsal
Comstockand Huntington (1959: 70)wrote "Neither brown colorlackingvirtuallyanyblue in the illustration
Butler nor Druce recognizedanacreon, but it might be is shared by many "summer form" males ofC. cecrops
determined from Jones' drawings." This name was not (Clench 1961, Field 1967, Scott 1986) (Figs. 3, 4), but
recognized in Draudt (1919-1920) or DAbrera (1993, occursoccasionallyinC. isobeon (sometimes referredto
1995). There are noknown extanttypes ofH. anacreon byits junior synonym, C. quintana [K. Johnson, 1991]).
(Druce 1907, Zimsen 1964), and ithas notbeenusedas The single ventral hindwing orange-red cubital spot
avalid taxon since Westwoocl (1852). In the Appendix, with a small black "pupil" at the basal edge does not
more than 25 works in which the name S. liparops (Le exactly match the cubital spot of any Cahjcopis,
Conte) has been used by more than 10 authors are includingC. cecrops (Figs. 3, 4). Finally, nopublication
listed, forwhich reasonthis name is nowprotected. of which we are aware has ever mentioned a type
The names in the synonymy below are clinal specimen noris an extanttype known (Zimsen 1964).
geographical forms, but accurately placing the We designate a male neotype for Hesperia cecrops
geographical origin of the illustrated specimen of H. Fabricius, 1793 following the qualifying conditions of
anacreon F. is likely to be somewhat arbitrary. The ICZN Article 75.3. The reason for designating the
synonymyis as follows: neotype is to conserve usage ofthis name as ithas been
employed almost exclusively for more than a centuiy
Satyriurn liparops (Le Conte, 1833) (Thecla), (Scudder 1876, Draudt 1919-1920, Holland 1931, Klots
nomen protectum, type locality: Georgia, USA 1951, Clench 1961, Field 1967, Howe 1975, Scott 1986,
Opler& Malikul 1992, DAbrera1993, Glassberg 1999).
Hesperia anacreon Fabricius, 1793 nomen oblitum Hesperiacecropsis differentiatedfromitscloserelatives
(ICZN, Art. 23.9.1) typelocality: India by the characters given in Field (1967). The neotype
Thecla strigosa Harris, 1862, type locality: male (Fig. 4) has one white label [Savannah,
Massachusetts, USA GEORGIA/Chatham County/30 May '64/Collby S.S.
Thecla liparops ab. prnina Scudder, 1889, Nicolay] with all lines printed except for the
type locality: Massachusetts, USA handwritten date. We have added a printed red
Thecla strigosa van liparops Fletcher, 1903, type neotype label [NEOTYPE/Hesperia cecrops Fabricius/
locality: Manitoba, Canada preoccupied by Thecla Robbins & Lamas, 2006]. As noted, no extant type is
liparops LeConte, 1833 known (Zimsen 1964). The neotype wing pattern is
Strymon strigosus fletcheri Michener & similar to the figure in Jones (Figs. 3, 4) and is
dos Passos, 1942, replacement name; type locality: consistent with usage ofthis name. The original type
Manitoba, Canada locality was erroneous, and the new type locality for
Volume 60, Number 2 89
Hesperia cecrops Fabricius, 1793 is Savannah, Georgia, name has been treated as a junior synonym of the
USA in accordance with ICZN Article 76.3. The species now called Strymon acis (Drury) (Fabricius
neotvpe is deposited in the National Museum of 1793, Godart 1824, Westwood 1852) and as a senior
Natural Histoiy, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, synonym ofthe species nowcalledParrhasius m-album
DC, USA. (Butler 1870, Kirby 1871), but reasons have not been
given for either synonymy. Comstock and Huntington
3. Hesperia columella Fabricius, 1793 (1961: 240) wrote "We cannot identifyixion." Robbins
Jones' Icones was not referenced in the original (2004) treated it as a nomen dubium. Without
description ofH. columella nor did Jones illustrate it. substantivenewinformation,continuingnomen dubium
However, Robbins examined the two extant syntypes of status preserves nomenclatural stability.
H. columella in Copenhagen (Zimsen 1964, one had
been at Kiel) and illustrated one ofthem (Robbins & 6. Papilio mars Fabricius, 1776
Nicolav 1999). Although this name had been appliedto Fabricius (1793) synonymized this name from
the species nowcalled Strymon istapa (Reakirt) (Riley "America meridionali" with Papilio ixion F. and Papilio
1975, Smith et al. 1994), which occurs from the acis Drury, 1773 (identification ofacis from the original
soudiem United States to Brazil and Peru, it actually illustration is definitive even though the type localityof
refers to a species endemic to the Lesser Antilles "NewYork"isincorrect). Thelattersynonymyhasbeen
(Robbins & Nicolay 1999). used ever since although no types are known to be
extant(Zimsen 1964). Jones illustratedP mars,whichis
4. Hesperia euripides Fabricius, 1793 thespeciesnowcalledStrymonacis (Drury) (Figs. 7,8).
The illustrationinJones ofHesperiaeuripides,which This information is consistent with current usage, and
was referenced in the original description ofFabricius, identification ofthe name is stable.
isthe samespeciesthatis currentlycalledParrhasius m-
album (Boisduval & Le Conte) (Nicolay 1979) (Figs. 5, 7. Hesperia plautus Fabricius, 1793
6). Parrhasius m-album differs from P. moctezuma The illustration in Jones ofHesperia plautus, which
Clench, P. urraca Nicolay, andP selika (Hewitson) (= P. was referenced in the original description ofFabricius,
appula [Hewitson], Robbins 2004) by lacking both is the same species that is currently called Callophrys
ventral forewing submarginal lines (one may be (Incisalia) niphon (Clench 1961, Scott 1986) (Figs. 9,
vestigial) (Nicolay 1979) and lackingvirtually all red on 10). Its ventral forewingpossesses two transverse bars
the ventral hindwing anal lobe. The illustration ofH. inthediscalcellanditshindwingcostaisstraight,which
euripides has bodi characters ofP m-album (Figs. 5, 6). differentiates it from C. eryphon (Boisduval) and C.
There are no known extant types of H. euripides lanoraieensis (Sheppard) (Clench 1961). There are no
(Zimsen 1964), and itwas last "used" as avalid species known extanttypes ofH. plautus (Zimsen 1964).
by Butler (1870) and Kirby (1871). It was not Kirby (1879) listed Thecla niphon (Hubner) as a
mentionedby Draudt (1919-1920) or D'Abrera (1993, synonym ofThecla plautus (Fabricius). but diis action
1995). In the Appendix, more than 25 works in which was apparentlyoverlooked. Comstock and Huntington
the name P m-album (Boisduval & Le Conte) has been (1962: 116) wrote "Scudder places plautus in die
usedby more than 10 authors are listed. All conditions synonymy of niphon Hubner based on Abbot's
ofArticle 23.9.1 are met, for which reason prevailing unpublished drawing in the British Museum. He
usage is tobe maintained. credited the name plautus to Abbot and not to
Fabricius. Fabricius gaveareferencetoJones' figure '6,
Parrhasiusm-album (Boisduval & Le Conte, tab. 44. fig. 1.' His description reads like niphon
1833)(Thecla), nomen protectum, type locality: Hubner. The date ofplautus is 1793; diedateofniphon
Georgia, USA is 1823. This should be investigated for possible
Hesperia euripides Fabricius, 1793 nomen oblitum synonymy."
(ICZN,Art. 23.9.1); type locality: Indus Because Scudder incorrectly attributed plautus to
Thecla psyche Boisduval & Le Conte, 1833, type John Abbot, plautus Scudder is a nomen nudum. The
locality: Georgia, USA nameplautus F. hasnotbeen usedas avalidtaxonsince
1879. In the Appendix, more than 25 works in which
5. Papilio ixion Fabricius, 1775 thename C. (I.) niphon (Hubner, [1819]) hasbeen used
Papilio ixion was described from "in India," but no by more than 10 authors are listed. All conditions of
figure of this species was referenced nor is a type Article 23.9.1 are met. Despite die synonymy in Kirby
specimen known to be extant (Zimsen 1964). This (1879) andthe discussion in Comstock and Huntington
90 Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society
(1962), the nameLycus niphon Hiibneris protected. tively improved the manuscript. We thank John Calhoun for
sendingusapictureofthepossibletvpeofHesperiatitusin the
Natural Histoiy Museum.
Callophrys (Incisalia) niphon (Hiibner, [1819])
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