St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814-1974 PDF
Preview St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814-1974
St. Petersburg and Moscow St. Petersburg and Moscow Tsarist and Soviet , Foreign Policy 1814-1974 Barbara Jelavich Indiana University Press BLOOMINGTON LONDON Copyright © 1974 by Indiana University Press Most of Part I of this book appeared in A Century of Russian Foreign Policy, 1814-1914, copyright © by J. B. Lippincott Co., 1964. All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of Ameri can University Presses Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. Published in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Don Mills, Ontario Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Jelavich, Barbara (Brightfield) St. Petersburg and Moscow: tsarist and Soviet foreign policy, 1814-1974. Bibliography: p. 458 i. Russia—Foreign relations—History. I. Title. DK66.J4 32747 73-16337 ISBN 0-253-35050-6 ISBN 0-253-35051-4 (pbk.) For Charles UULFLFUU Contents PREFACE xi Part I: Tsarist Russia I The Eighteenth Century Background i PETER THE GREAT 4 FROM PETER TO CATHERINE 13 CATHERINE THE GREAT 16 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON 25 II Alexander I 28 ALEXANDER I AND NAPOLEON 2Ç THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA 34 THE CONGRESS SYSTEM 45 THE EASTERN QUESTION 53 THE REVOLT OF SERBIA 61 THE GREEK REVOLUTION 64 III Nicholas I 71 THE RUSSO-TURKISH WAR OF 1828 73 PERSIA AND THE CAUCASUS 81 THE EGYPTIAN QUESTION 84 THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830 9* vii CONTENTS Vitt THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 102 THE CRIMEAN WAR 113 Alexander II 125 THE PEACE OF PARIS 128 THE FRANCO-RUSSIAN ENTENTE, 1856-1863 133 /. The Balkans, 1856-1863 136 2. Italy and Poland 141 THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY 147 THE THREE EMPERORS’ LEAGUE 157 THE ASIATIC FRONTIERS l6l /. The Far East 161 2. Central Asia 168 THE RUSSO-TURKISH WAR OF 1877-1878 172 Alexander III 189 THE REVIVAL OF THE THREE EMPERORS’ LEAGUE IÇI THE AFGHAN BORDER DISPUTE 198 THE BULGARIAN CRISIS 201 THE FRANCO-RUSSIAN ALLIANCE 2 I 3 Nicholas II 222 THE NEAR EAST IN THE 1890’s 225 THE FAR EAST TO 1905 232 THE FORMATION OF THE TRIPLE ENTENTE 249 THE REVIVAL OF THE EASTERN QUESTION 2 56 1914 273 THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1914-1918 280 Part II: The Soviet Union Lenin 291 THE NEW DIRECTION: BREST-LITOVSK 297 CIVIL WAR AND INTERVENTION 3OI CONTENTS IX INTERNATIONAL COMMUNISM: THE COMINTERN 305 RELATIONS WITH EUROPE 311 EAST AND NEAR EAST 324 VIII Stalin 333 RUSSIA AND EUROPE, 1927-1933 334 COLLECTIVE SECURITY AND POPULAR FRONTS 340 THE GERMAN ALLIANCE 350 WAR AND WESTERN ALLIANCE 358 THE AMERICAN RIVALRY: DIVIDED WORLD POLITICS 370 EAST EUROPE: SUBMISSION AND CHALLENGE 377 EAST ASIA: CHINA POLICY 381 THE COLONIAL WORLD 39O IX Khrushchev 396 RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES: EUROPEAN ISSUES 399 EAST EUROPE 405 CHINA 409 THIRD WORLD ADVENTURES 413 X Brezhnev 420 RELATIONS WITH THE WESTERN POWERS 42 I EAST EUROPEAN INTERVENTION 427 THE CHINESE CHALLENGE 43O SOUTHERN ASIA AND THE NEAR EAST 434 Conclusion: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy 443 Suggested References 458 Index 465 Maps Europe Around 1700 5 Acquisitions of Peter the Great 11 Acquisitions of Catherine the Great 2 3 Partitions of Poland 24 Europe in 1815 40 The Ottoman Empire in 1815 54 Treaty of Adrianople 77 Greece in 1832 79 Rumania in 1861 138 Europe in 1871 158 Asia (Russia and China) in i860 164 Central Asia in 1895 I7° The Treaty of San Stefano 183 The Congress of Berlin 183 Asia (Russia and China) in 1904 244 Nationality Map of Austria-Hungary 259 The Balkans in 1914 271 Europe in World War I 283 Europe after World War I 313 Central and Eastern Europe after World War II 371 The Far East, 1945 387 Southeast Asia, 1954 392 The Arab Nations, 1970 439
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