St. Andrew's, Turi PDF
Preview St. Andrew's, Turi
! ! St. Andrew’s, Turi ! ! Forming Subjects and Affects for Privilege in Kenya ! Bjørn Hallstein Holte ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Master thesis submitted to the Department of Social Anthropology ! University of Oslo Spring 2013 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! St. Andrew’s, Turi ! ! Forming Subjects and Affects for Privilege in Kenya ! Bjørn Hallstein Holte ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!Bjørn!Hallstein!Holte! 2013! St!Andrew’s,!Turi!:!Forming!Subjects!and!Affects!for!Privilege!in!Kenya! Bjørn!Hallstein!Holte! ! http://www.duo.uio.no! ! Printed!by:!The!University!Print!Centre,!University!of!Oslo! ! ! Abstract( ! This!thesis!is!based!on!six!months!of!fieldwork!at!and!near!St.!Andrew’s!School!in!the! Rift!Valley!in!Kenya!from!January!to!July!2012.!The!ethnographic!material!that!I!present! and!my!analyses!both!concern!two!related!topics.! ! The!first!topic!is!the!production!and!reproduction!of!social!differences!in!Kenya.!A! private,!formerly!racially!exclusive!European!school,!St.!Andrew’s!has!been!a!domain!of! privilege!since!it!was!opened!in!1931.!I!first!present!a!historical!ethnography!of!how! children!of!(mostly)!propertied!European!parents!in!colonial!East!Africa!were!separated! from!the!children!of!poor!Europeans!as!well!as!Africans!in!early!colonial!Kenya.!I!then! comment!on!how!this!has!changed!over!the!passage!of!time!and!provide!a!detailed! ethnographic!description!of!the!current!practices!of!separation.!I!address!both!spatial! and!social!separation!in!the!form!of!enclaving!and!discursive!practices!that!construct!! “others”!as!different.! ! The!second!main!topic!of!this!thesis!is!the!effect!on!the!students!at!St.!Andrew’s!of!being! raised!and!educated!in!this!context!–!the!processes!of!subject!formation!at!St.!Andrew’s.! I!approach!this!through!a!Foucaultian!anthropology!of!ethics!and!recent!anthropological! theory!on!affects.!I!suggest!that!this!must!be!understood!in!relation!to!the!vast! differences!in!lifestyle!and!income!between!the!students’!families!and!other!Kenyans,! and!my!analysis!shows!how!the!students!at!St.!Andrew’s!are!physically!and!socially! removed!from!the!Kenyan!national!public!to!be!integrated!into!a!partial!and! hierarchical!alternative!public!through!practices!such!as!volunteering.! ! In!my!conclusion,!I!indicate!how!the!two!topics!can!be!merged!to!address!how!the! history!of!St.!Andrew’s!influences!the!current!student!as!the!inheritors!of!Kenyan! privilege.! ! ! ! ! ! ( ! ! ! Appreciations( ! Because!this!thesis!has!been!my!main!concern!for!the!last!two!years,!it!has!been!shaped! in!different!ways!by!far!too!many!people!to!name!here.!Amongst!the!most!important,!I! am!first!and!foremost!thankful!to!all!the!students,!teachers!and!staff!at!St.!Andrew’s!who! gave!of!their!time!to!me!and!my!questions.!The!same!is!true!of!all!the!people!I!knew!in! Turi!–!and!especially!my!friends!Chephas!and!Rosemary,!Joyce,!Madam!Chief!Jane,!the! members!of!the!congregation!at!AIC!Turi!and!others.!I!was!received!well!by!the! Nightingale!family!and!stayed!very!comfortably!on!Kembu!Cottages!and!Campsite!on! their!farm.!The!friendliness!of!everybody!on!that!farm!–!including!Patrick,!Susan!and! David!–!was!important!in!getting!me!through!a!long!stay!away!from!where!I!belong.! ! I!am!grateful!to!Adrian!Palmer,!the!headmaster!at!St.!Andrew’s!Senior!School,!for! granting!me!access!and!giving!me!insight!into!many!aspects!of!school!life.!Many!others! did!much!to!help!me,!but!without!his!approval!I!would!not!have!reached!them.!Head! teacher!John!M.!Njoroge!at!Turi!Sulgwita!also!privileged!me!with!invaluable!access!to! his!school!only!a!short!walk!from!St.!Andrew’s.! ! Two!of!the!college!students!at!St.!Andrew’s!have!read!and!commented!on!some!of!my! drafts,!giving!me!valuable!feedback!and!encouragement.!Paul!Wenzel!Geissler!has!given! helpful!comments!and!shared!his!creative!ideas!since!before!I!was!admitted!to!the!study! programme.!He!has!been!an!incredibly!inspiring!supervisor!!Ruth!Jane!Prince,!Hannah! Brown!and!Webb!Keane!have!read!and!provided!me!with!very!constructive!comments! on!different!drafts!of!what!eventually!became!Chapter!4.! ! Thank!you!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Contents( ! Introduction(.....................................................................................................................................(1! Subjectivation,(Belonging(and(Affect(.................................................................................................(3! St.(Andrew’s,(Turi(.....................................................................................................................................(7! Fieldwork(....................................................................................................................................................(9! “Bjørn(is(a(white(man(studying(you”(...............................................................................................(12! 1! Time(in(Turi(............................................................................................................................(17! Frontier(Lands(and(Colonial(Stabilization(.....................................................................................(18! Colonial(Privilege(and(Managed(Affects(.........................................................................................(22! Race,(Gaze(and(Colonial(Exclusion(...................................................................................................(27! Emergency(and(Fortification(..............................................................................................................(30! “Those(Good(Times”(..............................................................................................................................(31! PostUElection(Violence(and(Fortification(.......................................................................................(35! 2! Inside(and(Outside(................................................................................................................(37! Security(Practice(....................................................................................................................................(38! Talk(of(Crime(...........................................................................................................................................(42! Inside:(“A(prison”(or(“a(bubble”(........................................................................................................(45! Outside:(“…(They(Buy(Bigger(Cars”(...................................................................................................(48! Connections:(“We(Never(Stop(…”(.......................................................................................................(50! 3! Geographies(of(Belonging(..................................................................................................(53! International(Night(................................................................................................................................(54! “Home”(and(“House”(..............................................................................................................................(58! “Traditional”(or(“the(New(in(Kenya”?(..............................................................................................(61! Shambas(and(Flower(Gardens(............................................................................................................(63! Concluding(Remarks(.............................................................................................................................(67! 4! A(Third(Mode(of(Engagement(............................................................................................(71! Planning(....................................................................................................................................................(73! Leaving(the(Inside(..................................................................................................................................(74! Playing(and(Teaching(............................................................................................................................(75! ‘Jesus(Provides(What(We(Need’(.........................................................................................................(78! Listening(....................................................................................................................................................(80! Returning(to(the(Inside(........................................................................................................................(80! Forming(Subjects(and(a(Public(..........................................................................................................(82! Concluding(Remarks(...................................................................................................................(85! Bibliography(..................................................................................................................................(87! ! ( Figure(1:(A(simple(map(of(Turi(...................................................................................................(6! Table(1:(Students’(race(and(their(fathers’(line(of(work,(1981(.......................................(34! Table(2:(Parents’(line(of(work,(2012(.....................................................................................(62! ! ! !
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