SSCP Systems Security Certified Practitioner All-in-One Exam Guide

577 Pages·2015·37.11 MB·English

by  Darril Gibson

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All-In-One / SSCP® Systems Security Certifed Practitioner / Gibson / 307-4 / Front Matter
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ALL IN ONE
®
SSCP
Systems Security
Certifed Practitioner
E X A M G U I D E
Second Edition
Darril Gibson
New York Chicago San Francisco
Athens London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto
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All-In-One / SSCP® Systems Security Certifed Practitioner / Gibson / 307-4 / Front Matter
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To my wife Nimfa—
Tanks for sharing your life with me for the past 23 years and
letting me share mine with you.
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All-In-One / SSCP® Systems Security Certifed Practitioner / Gibson / 307-4 / Front Matter
ABOU T T H E A U T HOR
aD rri l Gibson is the CEO of YCDA, LLC (short for You Can Do Anything) and he
has authored or coauthored more than 35 books. Darril regularly writes, consults, and
teaches on a wide variety of technical and security topics and holds several certifications,
including (ISC)2 SSCP and CISSP; CompTIA Security+ and CASP; Microsoft MCSE
and MCITP; and ITIL Foundations. In response to repeated requests, Darril created the
http://gcgapremium.com/ site where he provides additional study materials for several
certification exams. He regularly posts blog articles (http://blogs.getcertifiedgetahead
.com/) about certification topics and uses that site to help people stay abreast of changes
in certification exams. You can contact him through either of these sites. Darril lives in
Virginia Beach with his wife and two dogs. Whenever possible, they escape to a small
cabin in the country on over 20 acres of land that continues to provide them with peace,
tranquility, and balance.
About the Technical Editor
oJ s h More has more than 15 years of experience in security, IT, development, and system
and network administration. Currently, he runs Eyra Security, a security and business
improvement consulting firm based in Minneapolis, MN. Josh holds several security and
technical certifications and has served in a leadership position on several security-focused
groups. He writes a blog on security at www.starmind.org, often taking a unique approach
to solving security problems by applying lessons from other disciplines like agile develop-
ment, lean manufacturing, psychology, economics and complexity science. He has also
written several books on IT, information security, and career management.
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All-In-One / SSCP® Systems Security Certifed Practitioner / Gibson / 307-4 / Front Matter
CONTENTS AT A GLANCE
Chapter 1 Security Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 2 Access Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Chapter 3 Basic Networking and Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Chapter 4 Advanced Networking and Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Chapter 5 Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Chapter 6 Malicious Code and Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Chapter 7 Risk, Response, and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Chapter 8 Monitoring and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Chapter 9 Controls and Countermeasures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Chapter 10 Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Chapter 11 Security Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Chapter 12 Security Administration and Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Chapter 13 Legal Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Chapter 14 Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Appendix About the Download . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
v
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All-In-One / SSCP® Systems Security Certifed Practitioner / Gibson / 307-4 / Front Matter
CSTNETNO
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Chapter 1 Security Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Reviewing the Requirements for SSCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Registering for the Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Have One Year of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Passing the Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Maintaining Your SSCP Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Understanding Basic Security Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Confidentiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exploring Fundamentals of Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Least Privilege . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Separation of Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Defense in Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Nonrepudiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
AAAs of Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Accountability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Due Diligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Due Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Chapter 2 Access Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Comparing Identification, Authentication, and Authorization . . . . 27
Exploring Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Three Factors of Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Multifactor Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Reviewing Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Single Sign-on Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Centralized vs. Decentralized Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Offline Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Device Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
vii
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SSCP® Systems Security Certified Practitioner All-in-One Exam Guide
viii
Implementing Access Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Comparing Subjects and Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Logical Access Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Comparing Access Control Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Discretionary Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Non-Discretionary Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Access Control Matrix vs. Capability Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Participating in the Identity-Management Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Identity Proofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Provisioning and Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Maintenance and Entitlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
De-provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Participating in Physical Security Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Chapter 3 Basic Networking and Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
The OSI Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
The Physical Layer (Layer 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
The Data Link Layer (Layer 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
The Network Layer (Layer 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
The Transport Layer (Layer 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
The Session Layer (Layer 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
The Presentation Layer (Layer 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
The Application Layer (Layer 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Network Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Star . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Token Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Reviewing Basic Protocols and Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Comparing IPv4 and IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Address Resolution Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Network Discovery Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Domain Name System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Internet Control Message Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Internet Group Message Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Simple Network Management Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
File Transfer Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Telnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
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Contents
ix
Secure Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
HyperText Transfer Protocol and
HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Transport Layer Security and Secure Sockets Layer . . . . . . . . 86
Network File System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
E-mail Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Tunneling Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Internet Protocol Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Mapping Well-Known Ports to Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Comparing Ports and Protocol Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Comparing Internetwork Trust Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Comparing Public and Private IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Using NAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Comparing Trust Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Exploring Wireless Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Securing Data Transmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Wireless Device Administrator Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Wireless Service Set Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
MAC Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
GSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3G, LTE, and 4G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
WiMAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Radio Frequency Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
NFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Protecting Mobile Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Chapter 4 Advanced Networking and Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Managing LAN-Based Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Comparing Switches and Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Secure Device Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Understanding Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Internet Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
VoIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Securing Phones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Converged Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Using Proxy Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Understanding Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Packet-Filtering Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Stateful Inspection Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
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