Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63 PDF
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3000000000000000C Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau EASTERN AFRICAN STUDIES Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon, James de Vere Allen, John Middleton, editors Control & Crisis in Colonial Kenya: The Dialectic of Domination, Bruce J. Berman Unhappy Valley: Clan, Class & State in Colonial Kenya, Bruce J. Berman & John Lonsdale The Mau Mau War in Perspective, Frank Furedi Uganda Now: Between Decay & Development, Holger Bernt Hansen & Michael Twaddle, editors Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, Holger Bernt Hansen & Michael Twaddle Squatters & the Roots of Mau Mau 1905-63, Tabitha Kanogo Penetration & Protest in Tanzania: The Impact of the World Economy on the Pare, Isaria N. Kimambo The Second Economy in Tanzania, T. L. Maliyamkono & Mboya S. D. Bagachwa Slaves, Spices & Ivory in Zanzibar, Abdul Sheriff Zanzibar under Colonial Rule, Abdul Sheriff & Ed Ferguson, eds Being Maasai: Ethnicity & Identity in East Africa, Thomas Spear & Richard Waller, editors Economic & Social Origins of Mau Mau 1945-53, David W.Throup A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855-1974, Bahru Zewde Kakungulu & the Creation of Uganda, Michael Twaddle Revealing Prophets: Prophecy in East African History, David M. Anderson & Douglas H. Johnson, editors Religion & Politics in East Africa: The Period since Independence, Holger Bernt Hansen & Michael Twaddle, editors Education in the Development of Tanzania 1919-1990, Lene Buchert Decolonization & Independence in Kenya 1940-93, B. A. Ogot & William Ochieng* Ecology Control & Economic Development in East African History, Helge Kjekshus - J U U U U U U O O O O O O O Q OC S q u a t t e rs a nd t he R o o ts of M au M au 1 9 0 5 - 63 T a b i t ha K a n o go Lecturer in History Kenyatta University James Currey LONDON Heinemann Kenya NAIROBI Ohio University Press ATHENS Electronic edition published in 2016 Ohio University Press www.ohioswallow.com James Currey Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge Suffolk IP12 3DF (GB) www.jamescurrey.com Boydell & Brewer Inc. 668 Mt Hope Avenue Rochester, NY 14620-2731 (US) www.boydellandbrewer.com ©Tabitha Kanogo 1987 First Published 1987 All rights reserved BRITISH LIBRARY CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION DATA Kanogo, Tabitha Squatters and the roots of Mau Mau - (East African Studies) 1. Kenya-Race Relations I. Title II. Series 305.8'9676'2 DT433.542 ISBN 0-85255-018-9 ISBN 0-85255-019-7 Pbk LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Kanogo, Tabitha M. Squatters and the roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63 Includes bibliographies and index 1. Migrant agricultural laborers-Kenya-History-20th century 2. Squatters-Kenya-History-20th century 3. Mau Mau-History 4. Kikuyu (African people)-History I. Tide HD1538.K4K36 1987 307.336 87-11202 ISBN 0-8214-0873-9 ISBN 0-8214-0874-7 (pbk.) ISBN 978-1-78204-778-0 (James Currey eISBN) ISBN 978-0-8214-4446-7 (Ohio University Press eISBN) 300D00000D000000C For my mother and in memory of my father 3000000000000000C Contents Acknowledgements x List of Abbreviations xii Glossary of Kikuyu and Swahili Terms used in Text xiv Maps xvi Introduction 1 One The Genesis of the Squatter Community, 1905-18 8 Land alienation among the Kikuyu 9 The Kikuyu expansionist dynamic 10 Factors behind Kikuyu migration 11 Early labour recruitment 14 The squatter system 15 Kaffir farming 15 Kikuyu migration to the Rift Valley 17 Squatter settlement patterns 19 Squatter accumulation: livestock 21 The paradox of a labour shortage: squatter self-perception 26 The other squatters 27 Notes 29 Two Settlers and Squatters: Conflict of Interests 1918-37 35 The 1918 Resident Native Labourers Ordinance (RNLO) 37 Additional labour legislation 38 Settlers and squatter stock 40 Settler differences over squatter stock 44 'Kifagio' 46 Squatter resistance 47 viii Contents Squatter production in the inter-war years 55 The sanctity of the White Highlands versus squatter assertion: from squatters to wage labourers 59 Squatter insecurity 61 Squatters and litigation 64 Notes 68 Three Social Organisation among Squatters 74 Elders' councils (ciama) 75 Official opposition to the kiama 75 Circumcision 77 The struggle for education 78 KISA and Karinga schools 79 Self help among squatters: the quest for education 81 Kikuyu Private Schools Association 84 The missions 87 Notes 92 Four The Crisis: Decline in Squatter Welfare 1938-48 96 The 1937 Resident Native Labourers Ordinance: provisions and implications 97 Olenguruone 105 The Olenguruone scheme 107 Resistance at Olenguruone 115 The Olenguruone oath 116 Notes 120 Five Politics of Protest: Mau Mau 125 Post-war political mobilisation 125 KCA and KAU mobilisation 128 Militant politics among the squatters 129 The social basis of Mau Mau in the White Highlands 129 The rise of violence 136 Mau Mau food supplies: the women's war 143 Mau Mau and the control of the Rift Valley 149 The return of Kikuyu squatters to the White Highlands 152 Notes 155 Contents ix Six The Post Mau Mau Period: The Independence Bargain and the Plight of the Squatters, 1955-63 162 The Kenya Land Freedom Army 164 Liberal European politics 169 Land and politics 169 The peasantisation of the White Highlands 174 Notes 176 Conclusion 179 List of Informants 182 Biographical Notes on Key Informants 184 Select Bibliography 188 Index 199
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