SPSS Statistics For Dummies, 3rd Edition

387 Pages·2015·19.41 MB·English

SPSS®
Statistics
3rd Edition
by Keith McCormick and Jesus Salcedo
with Aaron Poh
SPSS® Statistics For Dummies®, 3rd Edition
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2015940308
ISBN 978‐1‐118‐98901‐2 (pbk); ISBN 978‐1‐118‐98902‐9 (ebk); ISBN 978‐1‐118‐98903‐6 (ebk)
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents at a Glance
Introduction ................................................................ 1
Part I: Getting Started with SPSS ................................. 5
Chapter 1: Introducing SPSS .............................................................................................7
Chapter 2: Installing SPSS ...............................................................................................15
Chapter 3: A Simple Statistical Analysis Example .......................................................23
Part II: Getting Data in and out of SPSS ...................... 43
Chapter 4: Entering and Defining Data ..........................................................................45
Chapter 5: Opening Data Files ........................................................................................63
Chapter 6: Getting Data and Results out of SPSS .........................................................81
Chapter 7: More About Defining Your Data ..................................................................99
Part III: Messing with Data in SPSS .......................... 113
Chapter 8: The Transform and Data Menus ...............................................................115
Chapter 9: Using Functions...........................................................................................135
Chapter 10: Manipulating Files .....................................................................................143
Part IV: Graphing Data ............................................. 157
Chapter 11: On the Menu: Graphing Choices in SPSS ...............................................159
Chapter 12: Building Graphs Using the Chart Builder ..............................................175
Part V: Analyzing Data ............................................ 199
Chapter 13: Using Descriptive Statistics .....................................................................201
Chapter 14: Showing Relationships between Categorical
Dependent and Independent Variables ....................................................................217
Chapter 15: Showing Relationships between Continuous
Dependent and Categorical Independent Variables ...............................................235
Chapter 16: Showing Relationships between Continuous
Dependent and Independent Variables ....................................................................249
Part VI: Making SPSS Your Own: Settings,
Templates, and Looks ............................................... 263
Chapter 17: Changing Settings .....................................................................................265
Chapter 18: Editing Charts and Chart Templates ......................................................283
Chapter 19: Editing Tables............................................................................................293
Part VII: Programming SPSS with
Command Syntax ..................................................... 303
Chapter 20: Getting Acquainted with Syntax .............................................................305
Chapter 21: Adding Syntax to Your Toolkit ................................................................311
Part VIII: The Part of Tens ........................................ 321
Chapter 22: Ten (Or So) Modules You Can Add to SPSS ..........................................323
Chapter 23: Ten (Or So) Useful SPSS Online Resources ...........................................333
Chapter 24: Ten Professional Development Projects for SPSS Users .....................341
Glossary .................................................................. 347
Index ...................................................................... 355
Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................. 1
About This Book ..............................................................................................1
Foolish Assumptions .......................................................................................2
Icons Used in This Book .................................................................................2
Beyond the Book .............................................................................................3
Where to Go from Here ...................................................................................3
Part I: Getting Started with SPSS .................................. 5
Chapter 1: Introducing SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Garbage In, Garbage Out: Recognizing the
Importance of Good Data ............................................................................7
Talking to SPSS: Can You Hear Me Now? ....................................................10
The graphical user interface ..............................................................10
Syntax ....................................................................................................11
Python programs .................................................................................11
Python scripts ......................................................................................11
How SPSS Works ............................................................................................11
Getting Help When You Need It ...................................................................14
Chapter 2: Installing SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Getting SPSS onto Your Computer ..............................................................15
What you need for running SPSS .......................................................16
Cranking up the installer.....................................................................17
The SPSS installation sequence .........................................................17
Late registration ...................................................................................21
Starting SPSS ..................................................................................................21
Chapter 3: A Simple Statistical Analysis Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
When the Tanana at Nenana Thaws ............................................................23
Entering the Data ...........................................................................................24
Entering the data definitions ..............................................................24
Entering the actual data ......................................................................29
The Most Likely Hour ....................................................................................32
Transforming Data .........................................................................................34
The Two Kinds of Numbers ..........................................................................37
The Day It’s Most Likely to Happen ............................................................40
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SPSS Statistics For Dummies, 3rd Edition
Part II: Getting Data in and out of SPSS ...................... 43
Chapter 4: Entering and Defining Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Entering Variable Definitions on the Variable View Tab ..........................45
Name ......................................................................................................46
Type .......................................................................................................47
Width .....................................................................................................51
Decimals ................................................................................................51
Label ......................................................................................................52
Values ....................................................................................................52
Missing ..................................................................................................53
Columns ................................................................................................54
Align .......................................................................................................55
Measure .................................................................................................55
Role ........................................................................................................56
Entering and Viewing Data Items on the Data View Tab ..........................57
Filling In Missed Categorical Values ............................................................58
Chapter 5: Opening Data Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Getting Acquainted with the SPSS File Format ..........................................63
Formatting a Text File for Input into SPSS ..................................................64
Reading Simple Data from a Text File .........................................................65
Transferring Data from Another Program ..................................................74
Reading an Excel file ............................................................................75
Reading from an unknown program type .........................................77
Saving Data and Images ................................................................................77
Chapter 6: Getting Data and Results out of SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Printing ...........................................................................................................81
Exporting to a Database ................................................................................82
Using SPSS Statistics Viewer ........................................................................82
Simple copy and paste ........................................................................85
Creating an HTML web page file ........................................................86
Creating a text file ................................................................................87
Creating an Excel file ...........................................................................88
Creating a Word document file ..........................................................89
Creating a PowerPoint slide document .............................................91
Creating a PDF document ...................................................................92
Creating a Graphics File ................................................................................94
Creating a Web Report File ...........................................................................96
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Table of Contents
Chapter 7: More About Defining Your Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Working with Dates and Times ....................................................................99
Using the Date Time Wizard .......................................................................102
Creating and Using a Multiple‐ Response Set ...........................................105
Copying Data Properties .............................................................................108
Part III: Messing with Data in SPSS ........................... 113
Chapter 8: The Transform and Data Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Sorting Cases ................................................................................................115
Selecting the Data You Want to Look At ...................................................117
Splitting Your Data for Easier Analysis .....................................................120
Counting Case Occurrences .......................................................................121
Recoding Variables ......................................................................................125
Recoding into different variables.....................................................126
Automatic recoding ...........................................................................128
Binning ..........................................................................................................130
Chapter 9: Using Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
The LENGTH Function ................................................................................136
The ANY Function .......................................................................................138
The MEAN Function and Missing Data ......................................................140
Chapter 10: Manipulating Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Merging Files Adding Cases ........................................................................143
Merging Files Adding Variables .................................................................148
Part IV: Graphing Data ............................................. 157
Chapter 11: On the Menu: Graphing Choices in SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Building Graphs the Chart Builder Way ...................................................160
The Gallery tab ...................................................................................160
The Basic Elements tab .....................................................................164
The Groups/Point ID tab ...................................................................165
The Titles/Footnotes tab ..................................................................166
The Element Properties dialog box .................................................166
The Options dialog box .....................................................................171
Building Graphs with the Graphboard Template Chooser ....................172
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SPSS Statistics For Dummies, 3rd Edition
Chapter 12: Building Graphs Using the Chart Builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Simple Graphs ..............................................................................................176
Simple scatterplots ............................................................................176
Simple dot plots .................................................................................177
Simple bar graphs ..............................................................................178
Simple error bars ...............................................................................179
Simple histograms .............................................................................181
Population pyramids .........................................................................183
Stacked area charts ...........................................................................185
Fancy Graphs ...............................................................................................186
Charts with multiple lines .................................................................187
Colored scatterplots ..........................................................................190
Scatterplot matrices ..........................................................................191
Stacked bar charts .............................................................................192
Pie charts ............................................................................................194
Clustered range bar graphs ..............................................................194
Differenced area graphs ....................................................................196
Dual‐axis graph ...................................................................................197
Part V: Analyzing Data ............................................. 199
Chapter 13: Using Descriptive Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Looking at Levels of Measurement ............................................................201
Defining the four levels of measurement ........................................202
Defining summary statistics .............................................................203
Focusing on Frequencies for Categorical Variables ................................204
Understanding Frequencies for Continuous Variables ...........................210
Summarizing Continuous Variables with the
Descriptives Procedure ...........................................................................214
Chapter 14: Showing Relationships between Categorical
Dependent and Independent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Testing a Hypothesis to See If It’s Right ...................................................218
Conducting Inferential Tests ......................................................................219
Running the Crosstabs Procedure ............................................................220
Running the chi‐square test..............................................................225
Comparing column proportions ......................................................228
Adding control variables ..................................................................230
Chapter 15: Showing Relationships between Continuous
Dependent and Categorical Independent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Hypothesis Testing Revisited ....................................................................235
Using the Compare Means Dialog Box ......................................................237