SPSS Demystified. A Step-by-Step Guide to Successful Data Analysis

286 Pages·2016·6.79 MB·English

by  Ronald D Yockey

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SPSS DEMYSTIFIED
A Step-by-Step
Guide to Successful Data Analysis
For SPSS Version 18.0
Second Edition
Ronald D. Yockey
California State University, Fresno
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First published 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright © 2011, 2008 Taylor & Francis. All rights rese rved.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-73582-2 (pbk)
Cover Designer/Administrator: Joel Gendron
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Yockey, Ronald D.
SPSS demystified : a step-by-step guide to successful data analysis / Ronald D. Yockey.—2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-73582-2 (alk. paper)
1. SPSS for Windows. 2. Social sciences—Statistical methods—Computer programs.
3. Social sciences—Statistical methods—Data processing. I. Title.
HA32.Y63 2011
300.285’55—dc22
2010043221
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For JMJ, my wife Michele, and my children, Christian, Samuel,
Timothy, William, Stephen, and Catherine. You are the joy of my life and the inspiration
for writing this book!
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Contents
PREFACE ix
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO SPSS, DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS,
GRAPHICAL DISPLAYS OF DATA, AND RELIABILITY
USING COEFFICIENT ALPHA 1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO SPSS 2
Starting SPSS 2
The Data Editor Window 3
Creating Data Files in SPSS 6
Data Entry and Analysis 8
Viewer (Output) Window 15
Saving Files 16
Printing Files 18
Exercises 20
CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: FREQUENCIES,
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY,
AND MEASURES OF VARIABILITY 22
Frequencies 24
Measures of Central Tendency and Variability 26
Analysis of Groups Using the Means Procedure 26
Summary of Steps to Conduct the Frequencies and Means Procedures 34
Exercises 34
CHAPTER 3 GRAPHICAL PROCEDURES 37
Bar Charts 38
Histograms 39
Scatterplots 40
Boxplots 42
Summary of Steps for Producing Bar Charts,
Histograms, Scatterplots, and Boxplots in SPSS 46
Exercises 47
v
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vi Contents
CHAPTER 4 RELIABILITY (AS MEASURED
BY COEFFICIENT ALPHA) 49
Example 50
Objective and Data Requirements of Coefficient Alpha 51
Data Entry and Analysis in SPSS 51
Expression of the Results 56
Summary of Steps for Conducting a Reliability Analysis in SPSS 56
Exercises 56
UNIT II INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 58
CHAPTER 5 THE ONE-SAMPLE t TEST 62
Example 62
Objective and Data Requirements of the One-Sample t Test 62
Null and Alternative Hypotheses 62
Research Question 63
Data Entry and Analysis in SPSS 63
Effect Sizes 67
Expression of the Results in APA Format 67
Assumptions of the One-Sample t Test 68
Summary of Steps for Conducting a One-Sample t Test in SPSS 68
Exercises 69
CHAPTER 6 THE INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES
t TEST 71
Example 71
Objective and Data Requirements of the Independent-Samples t Test 71
Null and Alternative Hypotheses 71
Research Question 72
Data Entry and Analysis in SPSS 72
Effect Sizes 78
Expression of the Results in APA Format 78
Assumptions of the Independent-Samples t Test 79
Summary of Steps for Conducting an Independent-Samples
t Test in SPSS 79
Exercises 80
CHAPTER 7 THE DEPENDENT-SAMPLES t TEST 82
Example 82
Objective and Data Requirements of the Dependent-Samples t Test 82
Null and Alternative Hypotheses 82
Research Question 83
Data Entry and Analysis in SPSS 83
Effect Sizes 87
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Contents vii
Expression of the Results in APA Format 87
Assumptions of the Dependent-Samples t Test 87
Summary of Steps for Conducting a Dependent Samples
t Test in SPSS 88
Exercises 88
CHAPTER 8 THE ONE-WAY BETWEEN SUBJECTS
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) 91
Example 91
Objective and Data Requirements of the One-Way
between Subjects ANOVA 91
Null and Alternative Hypotheses 91
Research Question 92
Data Entry and Analysis in SPSS 92
Effect Sizes 99
Expression of the Results in APA Format 100
Assumptions of the One-Way between Subjects ANOVA 100
Summary of Steps for Conducting a One-Way
between Subjects ANOVA in SPSS 100
Exercises 101
CHAPTER 9 THE TWO-WAY BETWEEN SUBJECTS
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) 104
Example 104
Objectives and Data Requirements of the Two-Way
between Subjects ANOVA 105
Null and Alternative Hypotheses 105
Research Questions 106
Data Entry and Analysis in SPSS 107
Effect Sizes 117
Expression of the Results in APA Format 118
Assumptions of the Two-Way between Subjects ANOVA 118
Summary of Steps for Conducting a Two-Way Between
Subjects ANOVA in SPSS 119
Exercises 120
CHAPTER 10 THE ONE-WAY WITHIN SUBJECTS
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) 123
Example 123
Objectives and Data Requirements of the One-Way
within Subjects ANOVA 123
Null and Alternative Hypotheses 123
Research Question 124
Data Entry and Analysis in SPSS 124
Effect Sizes 134
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Expression of the Results in APA Format 135
Assumptions of the One-Way within Subjects ANOVA 136
Summary of Steps for Conducting a One-Way
Within Subjects ANOVA in SPSS 136
Exercises 137
CHAPTER 11 THE ONE-BETWEEN–ONE-WITHIN SUBJECTS
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) 139
Example 139
Objectives and Data Requirements of the One-Between–One-Within
ANOVA 139
Null and Alternative Hypotheses 140
Research Questions 140
Data Entry and Analysis in SPSS 141
Effect Sizes 153
Expression of the Results in APA Format 154
Assumptions of the One-Between–One-Within Subjects ANOVA 154
Summary of Steps for Conducting a One-Between–One-Within
ANOVA in SPSS 155
Exercises 156
CHAPTER 12 THE PEARSON r CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT 158
Example 158
Objective and Data Requirements of the Pearson r Correlation
Coefficient 158
Null and Alternative Hypotheses 158
Research Question 159
Data Entry and Analysis in SPSS 159
Effect Sizes 162
Expression of the Results in APA Format 163
Assumptions of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient 163
Summary of Steps for Conducting a Pearson
Correlation Coefficient in SPSS 163
Exercises 164
CHAPTER 13 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION 166
Example 166
Objective and Data Requirements of Simple Regression 166
Null and Alternative Hypotheses 166
Research Question 167
Data Entry and Analysis in SPSS 167
Effect Sizes 173
Expression of the Results in APA Format 174
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Contents ix
Assumptions in Simple Regression 174
Summary of Steps for Conducting a Simple Linear
Regression Analysis in SPSS 174
Exercises 175
CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION 177
Example 177
Objective and Data Requirements of Multiple Regression 177
Null and Alternative Hypotheses 177
Research Questions 179
Data Entry and Analysis in SPSS 179
Effect Sizes 186
Expression of the Results in APA Format 186
Assumptions in Multiple Regression 187
Summary of Steps for Conducting a Multiple Regression
Analysis in SPSS 187
Exercises 188
CHAPTER 15 THE CHI-SQUARE GOODNESS OF FIT TEST 191
Example 191
Objective and Data Requirements of the Chi-Square
Goodness of Fit Test 191
Null and Alternative Hypotheses 191
Research Question 192
Data Entry and Analysis in SPSS 194
Expression of the Results in APA Format 199
Assumptions of the Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test 200
Summary of Steps for Conducting a Chi-Square Goodness
of Fit Test in SPSS 200
Exercises 201
CHAPTER 16 THE CHI-SQUARE TEST OF INDEPENDENCE 203
Example 203
Objective and Data Requirements of the Chi-Square
Test of Independence 204
Null and Alternative Hypotheses 204
Research Question 204
Data Entry and Analysis in SPSS 204
Effect Sizes 212
Expression of the Results in APA Format 212
Assumptions of the Chi–Square Test of Independence 212
Summary of Steps for Conducting a Chi-Square Test of
Independence in SPSS 213
Exercises 214