Table Of Content

V. Ravikumar Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation Theory and Practice Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation V. Ravikumar Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation Theory and Practice V.Ravikumar WaterTechnologyCentre TamilNaduAgriculturalUniversity Coimbatore,India ISBN 978-981-19-2774-4 ISBN 978-981-19-2775-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2775-1 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SingaporePteLtd.2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Twoteacherswhotaughtmeundergraduate classesatAgriculturalEngineeringCollege andResearchInstitute,TamilNadu AgriculturalUniversity,Coimbatore,India, weremotivating forcesbehindmanyofmy endeavours.Theydidnotguidemeabout whattodo.Theylivedtheirlifeforteaching andareinspirationformanystudentslikeme. Theywerefondlycalledbymyclassmatesas TandemPlough.IdonotknowwhetherI havegrowntothelevelofdedicating my worksinmemoryofthem. 1.Prof.C.DivakerDurairaj 2.Prof.D.ManoharJesudas Foreword Sprinkleranddripirrigationhasbecomeanindispensablewayofirrigationaround the world due to the continuously shrinking availability of water. Many books on sprinkleranddripirrigationarealreadyavailableinIndiaandaswellasintheworld. But there is a need for bringing out a comprehensive treatise like this book at this pointoftime. SprinkleranddripIrrigationisbeingincreasinglyresearchedandinnovationsare continuouslyemerging.TamilNaduAgriculturalUniversityhasprovidedtheAuthor acongenialambiencetoamassarichexperienceonthissubjectandhaslethimcontin- uously work in this field for 27 years. He has taught numerous students, working professionals and the farmers. He has researched on this subject and published in manyacclaimedjournalsintheworldandhasgivenagoodvisibilitytotheuniversity onthissubject.Hehasdevelopedandiscontinuouslyintheprocessofdeveloping userfriendlysoftwaresforthedesignofdripirrigationsystems. He has endeavoured to document his experiences on this subject through this book,andIamhappytonotethattherenownedpublisher,namelySpringerNature, alsohasacceptedtobringoutthisbook. Theprimeobjectiveofanyscientificbookistoprovidethereaderwiththeknowl- edge and skill on the subject. While the reader reads the book, he must be able to comfortably understand with his available capabilities. The book must be lucid, and the reader must be able to understand all the complexities of the subject in a step-by-stepapproach. The author has achieved all these objectives in this book. Information on basic componentstooptimaldesignmethodologiesofirrigationsystemsisprovidedinthe book. The book contains two sections, namely a basic section and a main section. Hence,allthestudentswhopassoutfromschoolscaneasilyunderstandthisbook. Thebasicsectionwouldalsobeveryhelpfulfortheworkingprofessionalswhowant torefreshthefundamentals. Theauthorhasexclusivelywrittenachapteronanichearea,namelyrhizosphere modelling,whichIhopewillbeveryusefulfortheresearchers. vii viii Foreword Ihopethisbookwillbecomeagoodreferencebookforalltheprofessionalsin thisfield,andIamhappytocongratulatetheauthorforhavingreachedthisfeatin hiscareer. Dr.V.Geethalakshmi Vice-Chancellor TamilNaduAgriculturalUniversity Coimbatore,India Preface SprinklerandDripirrigationengineersneedtohaveskillsinboththeoryandpractice forasuccessfulcareer.Imouldedmyselfallalongmycareertotrainmyselfsothat theoryandpracticegotogether.Ihavetriedtogivepracticalinformationforallthe questionsthoseareraisedbytheprofessionalsinthisfield. Ihavebeenteachingthissubjectforfreshstudentsaswellaspracticingengineers. Fresh students are able to grasp and appreciate the applied subjects likethis when theory is built up in the class room in gradual steps with demonstrated examples. Thispresentationstyleismyhallmarkandthisworkedwellwithallmystudents. Thematerialinthebookhasbeenbroadlyclassifiedinto2sections.Oneisnamedas MainsectioncontainingsprinklerIrrigationanddripIrrigationandtwoisnamedas Basicsectioncontainingessentialrequisitesneededtounderstandthesprinklerand dripirrigation. Theequationsusedfordesignofpipeslaidonslopeareimplicitequations.Many researchadvancementshavehappenedtoconvertthisimplicitequationsintoexplicit equations. But the theory behind all these developments are complex. Therefore, onlywhenthedesignersareabletocomprehendthesedevelopments,theywouldget theconfidenceofusingtheseequations.Mostly,practisingengineersresorttotrial anderrorsolutionmethodstocircumventthisissue.Inthisbook,Ihaveattempted tobridgethisissuebyharnessingthepotentialofMSExcel.Anadd-ontoolknown asSolverinMS-Excelhasbeenextensivelydemonstratedinthebookforhandling implicitequationswithease.NotmuchtraininginMS-Excelisneededtostartusing thistool. Sprinkler irrigation system design is first demonstrated with conventional back stepmethod.Relativeadvantagesanddisadvantagesofexplicitmethodarediscussed bycomparingwithbackstepmethod.Pumpselectionisnormallydonetocatertothe mostdifficultsituations.Proceduresforoperationofpumpundernormalsituations isalsopresentedsothatoptimalutilizationoftheinstalledpumpisachieved. Indripirrigationdesign,using‘optimalwettedvolumeofsoil’asdesignobjective isdemonstratedwithanumericalexample.Therearemanycriteriainuseforjudging the goodness of design of sprinkler and lateral pipes. While Keller and Karmeli uniformitycriterionandstatisticalvariationcriterionaremuchreportedinresearch, ix x Preface RelativeFlowDifferencecriterioncontinuestobeusedbythefieldengineersbecause itiseasilycomprehensible.Thereforeinthisbook,Ihavepromotedallmydesign equationsbasedonRelativeFlowDifferencecriterion.Additionaladvantageofthis criterionisthat,bothsprinkleranddrippipescanbedesignedwiththissinglecommon criterion.ProceduresforconversionfromRelativeFlowDifferencetoalltheother criteriaarealsopresented.Poly-plotmethodfordesigningthetelescopicdrippipes innon-uniformslopesisoftenusedbythefieldengineers.Onedisadvantageofpoly- plot method is that it is a manual method and in this book, simple procedures for adaptingthismethodinMS-Excelisdone. When designing main pipes, giving consideration to water hammer and also economyimprovesthequalityofdesignandinstallation.Henceproceduresforthe samearepresentedandequationsarederivedfromthescratch.Arudimentaryknowl- edgeonfertigationispresentedbecausetheultimatesuccessoftheinvestmentcould beachievedonlywhentheengineermakesthefarmerwineconomically. Hydrus software is really a boon for all the people involved in variably satu- rated flow and nutrient transport studies. Due to the phenomenal advancements in computingtechnologyandversatilityofHydrus,applicationofHydrustoimprove thewaterandnutrientmanagementwouldcontinuetobeanactiveareaofresearchin thefuture.SincetheHydrussoftwaresolvestheRichardsequationandreactivetrans- port convection-dispersion equations, the users of the software can concentrate on optimizingtheparametersofwaterandnutrientflowinsoilbydoingfieldresearch. Achapternamely,Rhizospheremodellinghasfoundplaceinthebookwhichwillbe veryhelpfulfortheresearcherswhowanttoinitiateresearchworkonthissubject. Irrigationplanningbydoingwaterbudgetingandeconomicanalysisalsowould help engineers improve the quality of their work. Hence this subject is discussed here. The subject presented in this book is built upon the basic subjects like fluid mechanics, pumps and soil science. Therefore a humble introduction of all these subjects have been provided in a separate basic section which is sufficient for complete understanding of the material presented here. Those who feel comfort- ableinthebasiccanskipthebasicsectionandthereaderispromptedinthemain text to refer the basic section wherever required. The basic section would also be usefulforagricultural,civilandmechanicalengineerswhowanttolearnthissubject byself-reading. The basic section has been so oriented that the discussed examples are directly related to Sprinkler and Drip irrigation systems. I have experienced with learners thatthebasicsectioncreatesenthusiasmandexcitesthemastheyareabletorelate withmanysimplereallifeencounters.Thebasicsectionisproventobeveryuseful forthepracticingengineersastheywouldhavemostlyforgottenthetheory. Thesubjectinthisbookistheresultofmylongyearsofexperienceanddefinitely isproneformistakes.Iwillbeveryhappytocorrectthemifyoucouldinformmeto myaddress:[email protected]@hotmail.com. Coimbatore,India V.Ravikumar Acknowledgements IamverymuchobligedtothankDr.K.Shanmugasundaram,retiredprofessorinsoil andwaterconservationengineeringofagriculturalengineeringcollegeandresearch institute,Kumulur,Trichy,TamilNaduAgriculturalUniversity(TNAU).Herendered asincereandself-lesshelpincorrectingthemanuscript. I am very much grateful to my present boss, Prof. S. Panneerselvam, Director, WaterTechnologyCentre,TNAU,Coimbatore,forhisconstantencouragement. The help rendered by my earlier bosses, Prof. S. Santhana Bosu, Prof. M. V. RanghaswamiandProf.S.Chellamuthu,throughoutmycareercouldnotbeforgotten. Prof.K.Appavu, Dr.P.Balsubramaniam, Dr.T.Sherene GenitaRajammal and Dr.K.M.Chellamuthuhelpedmeacquirebasicknowledgeinsoilchemistry. ThehelprenderedbymypresentcolleaguesDr.G.ThiyagarajanandMs.S.Nithya atvariouslevelswasveryuseful.IamhappytothankallmystudentswhomItaught andsimultaneouslylearntfromthemback. The works of my Ph.D. students, namely Dr. M. Angaleeswari, Dr. R. Sharmiladevi, Dr. S. Vanitha and Ms. K. K. Shaheemath Suhara, are the building blocksof thisbook. The work of my M.Tech. student, Ms. M. R. Namitha, and my undergraduate students,Mr.M.KrishnanandMr.Mohanraj,isalsosignificantinthisbook. Dr. G. Vijayakumar who worked with me in Hydrus provided a significant contribution. I would like to immensely thank Prof. Simunek J., University of California, Riverside,formakingmelearnHydrussoftware. IwouldliketoplaceonrecordofmythankstomyteacherProf.V.Kumar,who sparedthefamousbook,namelySprinkleandTrickleIrrigation,waybackinyear 1996.HeisalsoAlumniandaformerstudentofKeller.Gettinganybooknowadays inIndiaiseasyandpossible.Butin1996,knowingthatsuchabookisavailableon earth itself was a great knowledge. The hard copy he gave me during 1996 is the startingpointforallmyworkonthissubject.Iamstillexploringthemagnificence ofthisbook. TheanonymousreviewersandthepublisherSpringerwhoreposedtheirfaithon meinbringingoutthisbookisacornerstoneforeverythingrelatedtothisbook. xi