Springtails (Collembola) in meadows, pastures and road verges in Central Finland

2019·0.08 MB·

by  Atte Komonen

©EntomologicaFennica.29August2017
Springtails (Collembola) in meadows, pastures
and road verges in Central Finland
AtteKomonen*&SaanaKataja-aho
Komonen,A.&Kataja-aho,S.2017:Springtails(Collembola)inmeadows,pas-
turesandroadvergesinCentralFinland.—Entomol.Fennica28:157–163.
Understandingofspeciesdistribution,abundanceandhabitataffinitiesiscrucial
for red-list assessment, conservation and habitat management. In Central Fin-
land,westudiedCollembolainthreehabitattypes,namelynon-grazedmeadows,
pasturesandroadvergesusingpitfalltraps.Altogether,9,630Collembolaindi-
vidualswererecorded.Thesebelongedto12families,34generaand60species.
Thenumberofspecimenswasclearlyhigherinmeadowsthaninpasturesorroad
verges.Thenumberofspecies,however,washigherinmeadowsandroadverges
(40and39species,respectively)thaninpastures(33species).Theoverallspe-
ciesnumberiscomparabletootherlarge-scalesamplingschemesinsimilarhabi-
tats.Werecordedafewabundantspecies(Spatulosminthurusflaviceps,Smin-
thurus viridis and Sminthurus nigromaculatus) that have been previously re-
cordedfromverydifferentbiotopes.Inconclusion,biodiversityinventoriesof
soilfauna,aswellasotherbiota,shouldalsoincludemarginalhabitats,whichof-
tenhostpeculiarcommunities.
A. Komonen, University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environ-
mentalScience,P.O.Box35,FI-40014UniversityofJyväskylä,Finland;*Cor-
respondingauthor’se-mail:[email protected]
S.Kataja-aho,UniversityofJyväskylä,NaturalHistoryMuseum,P.O.Box35,
FI-40014UniversityofJyväskylä,Finland;E-mail:[email protected]
Received15November2016,accepted22December2016
1.Introduction sufficient and geographically limited (Pomme-
resche&Løes2014);forexample,very littleis
Understandingofspeciesdistribution,abundance known about soil fauna in traditional rural bio-
andhabitataffinitiesindifferentenvironmentsis topes,suchaspasturesandmeadows(Huhtaetal.
crucialforred-listassessment,conservationand 2010).
habitat management. Unfortunately, such infor- Springtails (Collembola) are an important
mationislackingfor many invertebrategroups. component of soil meso- and macrofauna, be-
InFinland,forestsoilfaunahasbeenratherwell- cause they influence soil decomposition pro-
studied,partlyduetoitsimportanceandsensitiv- cesses (Rusek 1975, Petersen 1994, Hopkin
itytosilviculture(Huhtaetal.1967,1986,Siira- 1997). Springtails can be abundant and diverse
Pietikäinenetal.2001,Huhta&Räty2005,Kata- even in highly modified and disturbed habitats
ja-ahoetal.2016).Atthesametime,theknowl- such as agricultural fields (Lagerlöf & Andrén
edgeofsoilfaunainnon-forestedhabitatsisin- 1991, Bitzer et al. 2005, Pommeresche & Løes
158 Komonen&Kataja-aho (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28
Table1.Studysitecharacteristicsandtotalnumberofindividualsandspecies.Collembolaweresampledin2014
mainlyfrom26th–30thofMayto18th–22ndofJune(=firstperiod).Ifspecimenswereidentifiedalsofromthesec-
ondperiod(18th–22ndofJuneto7th–11thofJuly),thepoolednumbersofindividualsandspeciesforbothperiods
aregiveninparentheses.Vegetationheightistheaverageoffivestudyplots.
Habitat Area pH Soil Vegetation Indiv. Species
Sites (ha) fractions height(cm)
Meadows
Peurala 0.1 5.16 coarsesilt 42 128(277) 11(17)
Kirkonmäki 0.3 4.98 finesand 39 103 10
Syysniemi 0.4 4.62 coarsesilt 29 380 10
Vaaru 0.4 4.33 mediumsilt 33 182 10
Vuorela 0.5 4.60 coarsesilt 38 369 15
Liehu 0.5 4.16 coarsesilt 36 287 15
Riihimäki 0.9 4.61 mediumsilt 33 485 11
Karhukorpi 1.0 4.62 finesand 22 1,256 15
Vaateri 1.1* 4.67 coarsesilt 33 309 12
Hettee 2.0 4.45 finesand 22 256 8
Mäentalo 11.9* 4.93 finesilt 39 101(136) 7(7)
Harju 32.5* 4.39 mediumsilt 24 78 8
Pastureswithcattle
Pekkanen 1.7 4.27 finesand 30 314 7
Ohramaa 5.2 4.16 coarsesilt 30 213 7
Aatula 6.1 3.73 mediumsilt 15 114 6
Kivijärvi 7.6 4.70 coarsesilt 10 193 9
Pasturewithsheep/cattle
Haapalehto 8.6 4.28 coarsesilt 14 75(174) 6(9)
Pastureswithsheep
Vaateri 1.1* 5.18 coarsesilt 39 352 9
Mäentalo 11.9* 4.65 finesilt 33 137(146) 17(17)
Harju 32.5* 4.07 mediumsilt 22 217 7
Pastureswithhorses
Koivulahti 1.1 4.24 finesand 15 174 7
Huusko 2.6 3.96 coarsesilt 12 524 13
Nuuttila 3.1 4.70 coarsesilt 20 301 13
Suuruspää 6.0 4.98 finesilt 21 52 7
Roadverges
Myllypohja na 5.41 coarsesand 23 39(235) 7(17)
Multia na 5.45 coarsesand 8 460 15
Petäjävesi na 5.65 coarsesand 10 45 8
Muurame na 5.99 finesand 35 13 3
Paateri na 5.66 coarsesand 19 5 2
Rotkola na 4.75 coarsesand 20 578 22
Klemettilä na 5.09 coarsesand 31 49 1
Valospohja na 4.63 coarsesand 27 106 11
Tammikoski na 5.14 coarsesand 42 21 2
Jukola na 4.65 coarsesand 11 553 14
Havulankangas na 5.22 coarsesand 21 280(386) 18(20)
Norola na 5.43 finesand 23 287 12
*Pooledareaformeadowsandpasturesinagivenfarm. na:Notapplicable.
2014).However,differentvegetationtypes(Huh- canaffectcomposition,structureandsmallscale
taetal.2005)andsoildisturbances(Kataja-ahoet spatial heterogeneity of collembolan communi-
al.2016),aswellasdifferentlevelsofsoilcom- ties.
paction(Larsenetal.2004),pollutionornutrient Manyenvironmentalfactorsarelikelytovary
loads(Lagerlöf&Andrén1991,Songetal.2016) among meadows, pastures and road verges. For
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28 (cid:127) Collembolaintraditionalbiotopes 159
example, animal tramping affects soil compac- weretarmackedandbelongedtoFinnishroadcat-
tion,whereasgrazingandexcretionsaffectvege- egory “Local road” or bigger, which ensured at
tationandsoilchemistry(Oldén2016).Roadsalt least3mwideverges.Theselectedroadswereall
andtrafficpollutioncaninfluencebiotaonroad constructeddecadesago,therewerenosignsof
verges (Viard et al. 2004, Owojori et al. 2009). recentrenovations,andtheywereoutsideurban
The response of Collembola on environmental areas.Theselectedvergeswereadjacenttoafo-
variation can vary among euedaphic and epe- rest,ortoaruderalareaintwocases.InFinland,
daphicspecies;euedaphicspeciesaresubsurface- roadvergesaremowedwithmachinery1–2times
active,whereasepedaphicspeciesaresurface-ac- yearly;aftermachinemowingvegetationisgen-
tive(Eisenbeis&Wichard1987). erally taller than in hand-mowed pastures. The
Traditional rural biotopes have high conser- mostcommonplantspeciesinroadvergeswere
vationvalue,withmanyrareandthreatenedplant Achilleamillefolium,Festucarubra,Taraxacum
and invertebrate species. Their soil fauna, how- spp., Epilobium angustifolium, Hieracium um-
ever, is much more poorly known. We studied bellatum, Hieracium vulgata group, Trifolium
surface-active Collembola in non-grazed mead- repens, Anthriscus sylvestris, Betula pubescens
ows,pasturesandroadvergesinCentralFinland andCerastiumfontanum.
tobetterunderstandbiodiversityinthesevaluable
habitats,aswellasgainmoreinformationabout
thedistribution,abundanceandhabitataffinityof 2.2.Sampling
Collembola.
At each pasture and meadow, we established a
random50mtransectthatranthroughthecenter
2.Materialsandmethods ofthesite.Inroadverges,transectsranalongthe
roadandatleastonemeterfromtheedgeofthe
2.1.Studysites asphalt.Alongtransects,five2×2mplotswere
placed at 10 m intervals. At two predetermined
Thisstudywasconductedinsouthernandmiddle cornersoftheseplots,weplacedonepitfalltrap,
boreal vegetation zone in Central Finland. i.e.therewere10pitfalltrapsineachsite.Allpit-
Twelvemeadows,pasturesandroadvergeseach falltrapswerecoveredbyaplywoodrooftoex-
wereselectedforthestudy(n =36sites,Table cluderainwater;roofsweresome2cmfromthe
tot
1). The list of potential meadows and pastures ground.Thepitfalltrapswerefilledwithsaltwa-
wasobtainedfromtheCentreforEconomicDe- terforpreservingthematerialandsoaptoreduce
velopment, Transport and the Environment of surfacetension.Thepitfalltrapsweresetup26th–
Central Finland (ELY Centre). All the selected 30thofMay2014.Theywereemptiedtwice:18th–
sitesweremesicordrymeadows,andhadbeen 22nd of June and 7–11th of July; all traps were
managedbygrazing(pastures)orhand-mowing catchingequaltimeperiods.
(meadows)foryears. Pastureswereafewhect- Pitfall traps sample surface-active inverte-
aresinsizewithvarying,butgenerallylowinten- brates(seeGudleifsson&Bjarnadottir2008fora
sity,grazingpressure.Meadowshadbeenhand- studyonCollembola).Duetolimitedresources,
mowed once annually, and they had not been notallCollembolawereseparatedfromthepitfall
treatedwithanimalmanureorartificialfertilizers. material:fromeachpitfallatleastahundreddif-
Themostcommon(occurredinmostsites)plant ferent looking specimens were separated for
speciesinmeadowsandpastureswereVeronica identificationandallthesewereidentifiedtothe
chamaedrys,Agrostiscapillaris,Alchemillasp., speciesifpossible.Thus,thedatadonotwarrant
Festucarubra,Fragariavesca,Hypericumma- statisticalcomparisonsandabundancesshouldbe
culatum, Poa pratensis, Ranunculus acris, Ru- onlyusedtodisentangleanecdotalandtruehabi-
mexacetosaandTaraxacumspp.;thesewereal- tat affinities. Collembola were identified with,
mostequallycommoninbothhabitattypes. and the nomenclature follows, Fjellberg (1998,
Roadvergeswereselectedasclosetothepas- 2007).Juvenilecollembolans(n=45)wereonly
turesandmeadowsaspossible.Allselectedroads identifiedtogenusorfamily.
160 Komonen&Kataja-aho (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28
Table2.NumbersofCollembolaindividualsfrompitfalltrapsfrommeadows,pasturesandroadvergesrecorded
duringthefirstperiod.Ifspecimenswereidentifiedfromtwoperiods(forperiods,seeTable1),thefirstnumber
indicatesthe1stperiod;poolednumbersofindividualsforbothperiodsaregiveninparentheses.
Taxa Meadow Pasture Roadverge Total
Arrhopalitidae
Arrhopalitesprincipalis 1 2 3
Arrhopalitessp. 1 1
Bourletiellidae
Bourletiellahortensis 18 18
Deuterosminthurusbicinctus 1 1
Deuterosminthurussp. 0(3) 0(3)
Heterosminthurusclaviger 1 1 2
Dicyrtomidae
Dicyrtomafusca 2(14) 0(1) 2(15)
Dicyrtominaflavescens 0(3) 0(3)
Dicyrtomaflavosignata 3(10) 3 6(13)
Dicyrtomaminuta 20(27) 12 5(8) 25(47)
Dicyrtomaornata 1 1 2
Ptenothrixatra 25 12(13) 37(38)
Indet 2 1 3
Entomobryidae
Entomobryacorticalis 5 1 2(4) 8(10)
Entomobryamarginata 2 0(4) 2(6)
Entomobryamultifasciata 2 1(2) 3(4)
Entomobryanicoleti 27 6 33
Entomobryanivalis 1 7 16 24
Entomobryasuperba 2 2
Entomobryasp. 1 46(49) 4(6) 51(56)
Heteromurusnitidus 27 27
Lepidocyrtuscurvicollis 0(2) 0(3) 0(5)
Lepidocyrtuscyaneus 7 41 48
Lepidocyrtuslignorum 2,378(2,454) 451(468) 959(1,031) 3,788(3,953)
Lepidocyrtusviolaceus 21(22) 85 87(90) 193(197)
Lepidocyrtussp. 1 4 5
Orchesellabifasciata 4 4
Orchesellacincta 8 8
Orchesellaflavescens 30(31) 30 45(49) 105(110)
Orchesellaspectabilis 3 3
Orchesellasp. 9 15(16) 24(25)
Indet 3 5 8
Hypogastruridae
Ceratophysellasp. 57 57(61) 114(118)
Choerutinulainermis 10(11) 11 32 53(54)
Schoettellaununguiculata 3 1 20(24) 24(28)
Isotomidae
Desoriatolya 0(1) 0(11) 0(12)
Desoriasp. 6(7) 5(6) 1(17) 12(30)
Folsomiaquadrioculata 2 4 6
Isotomaanglicana 32 402(404) 50(71) 484(507)
Isotomacaerulea 58 214 218 490
Isotomaviridis 121(135) 335(338) 281(322) 737(795)
Isotomasp. 35(36) 21 35(39) 91(96)
Isotomurusgraminis 22(32) 225 6 253(263)
Isotomurusitalicus 1 1
Isotomuruspalustris 5 5
Isotomurussp. 13 21(22) 1 35(36)
Parisotomanotabilis 9 2 11
Indet 107 458 113 678
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28 (cid:127) Collembolaintraditionalbiotopes 161
Table2,continued
Taxa Meadow Pasture Roadverge Total
Katiannidae
Gisinianusflammeolus 3 3
Sminthurinusaureus 30 44 74
Sminthurinusnigergroupsp. 7 1 8
Sminthurinusreticulatus 9 1 10
Sminthurinussignatus 32 1 33
Sminthurinussp. 5 3 14 22
Indet 6 1 1 8
Neanuridae
Frieseamirabilis 4 4
Neanuramuscorum 14 3 9 26
Pseudachorutesdubius 1 1
Pseudachorutessp. 2 2
Indet 1 1
Onychiuridae
Micraphoruraabsoloni 7 1 8
Protaphoruraarmata 4 4
Protaphorurasp. 1 1
Poduromorpha
Indet 1 1
Sminthuridae
Allacmafusca 18 5 9(14) 32(37)
Capraineamarginata 1 1
Sminthurusnigromaculatus 20 20
Sminthurusviridis 8(11) 7 22(26) 37(44)
Sminthurussp. 10 10
Spatulosminthurusflaviceps 32 32
Indet 2 5 6 13
Sminthurididae
Sminthuridesschoetti 2 2
Sminthuridessp. 4 4
Sphaeridiapumilis 38 5 46(49) 89(92)
Symphypleona
Indet 9 14 3 26
Tomoceridae
Pogonognathellusflavescens 798(827) 148(200) 213(270) 1,159(1,297)
Pogonognathelluslongicornis 11(18) 6 5 22(29)
Pogonognathellussp. 3(4) 3(5) 6(9)
Tomocerusvulgaris 1 1
Total 3,979(4,118) 2,692(2,774) 2,479(2,738) 9,150(9,630)
Soilsamplesweretakenfromeachofthefive eraand60species(Table2);12%(1,164individ-
studyplotsandpooledforonecompositesample uals)ofthespecimenscouldnotbeidentifiedto
tomeasuresoiltypeandpH.Vegetationcomposi- species.Thenumberofspecimensfromthefirst
tionandheight(cm)wasmeasuredfromeachof samplingperiod(n=9,150)washigherinmead-
thefivestudyplots16thJune–8thJuly2014(Table ows (n = 3,979) than in pastures (n = 2,692) or
1). roadverges(n=2,479).Alltheresultshereinafter
concernthefirstsamplingperiodtoallowcom-
3.Results parisonduetoequalsamplingperiodinallsites.
Thenumberofspecieswashigherinmeadows(n
Altogether, 9,630 Collembola individuals were =40)androadverges(n=39)thaninpastures(n
recorded.Thesebelongedto12families,34gen- =33).Thereweresomedifferencesinsoilquality
162 Komonen&Kataja-aho (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28
and vegetation: soil pH ranged from 3.73–5.99 one habitat type over the others, Spatulos-
and vegetation height 8–42 cm (Table 1). Most minthurusflavicepsbeingpossiblyanexception
(78%)oftheindividualswereEntomobryidaeor (seebelow).Fivetoeightuniquespecieswerere-
Isotomidae. The most abundant species were cordedfromeachofthethreehabitattypes, but
Lepidocyrtuslignorum(41%ofallindividuals), theseweremainlyrepresentedbyonlyafewindi-
Pogonognathellusflavescens(13%)andIsotoma viduals. Although we did not identify all speci-
viridis(8%). mens, the similarity of the collembolan fauna
amongthethreehabitattypescouldbearealpat-
tern.Therationaleisthatthedominantvascular
4.Discussion plants were identical among the three habitat
types,andvegetationcompositionandstructure
The number of collembolan individuals was areknowntoaffectcollembolandensitiesanddi-
highest in meadows, whereas pastures and road versity(Salamonetal.2004,Sabaisetal.2011).
vergeshadsimilarlylowernumbers.Thenumber Overall,thespeciesfrompastures,meadowsand
of species was higher in meadows and road roadvergeswereratherdifferentfromthosethat
verges than in pastures. In all road verges soil aretypically caughtby pitfallsfromforestsand
fractionwassand,whereasinpasturesandmead- clearcuts. The latter usually include Entomo-
ows soil fractions ranged fromsand to fine silt. bryidae,especiallythelargespecies,suchasPo-
Althoughsoiltypeinfluencescollembolandensi- gonognathellusandOrchesella(Kataja-ahoetal.
ties(Gudleifsson&Bjarnadottir2008),thesedif- 2016).
ferencesareunlikelytoexplainthesmallerspe- WerecordedS.flaviceps(n=32individuals)
ciesnumberinpastures,becausethesoiltypewas fromseveralroadverges.Previouslythespecies
similar in pastures and meadows. However, the has been found only from salt meadows (Fjell-
somewhat smaller species number in pastures berg1998).IfS.flavicepsreallyisaspeciesthat
may result from animals trampling on pitfall benefitsfromsalt,thenthespilloverofthede-ic-
traps, which was commonly observed. Animals ingsaltonroadvergesmaycreateasuitablehabi-
mayalsohavecausedsoilcompaction,whichcan tat for the species in Finland, far away from
decreasethedensityofcollembolans(Heisler& coastalareas.Moregenerally,theimportanceof
Kaiser1995,Larsenetal.2004). road verges for salt-favouring species deserves
Itisknownthatcollembolandensitiesinpas- furtherattention.
tures and hayfields are highest in late summer Inaddition,SminthurusviridisandS.nigro-
(Gudleifsson&Bjarnadottir2008).Eventhough maculatus were recorded in great numbers, the
wedidnotidentifyallthespecimensanddidnot former from all studied biotopes and the latter
sampleinlatesummer,theoverallspeciesnum- onlyfromroadverges.Althoughtheoccurrence
ber is comparable to other large-scale sampling ofthesespeciesinFinlandwasuncertainaccord-
studies in similar habitats with roughly similar ingtoFjellberg(1998),laterbothofthesespecies
number of identified individuals, but different havebeendiscoveredfromFinland(P.Vilkamaa,
samplingmethodology(cf.Huhtaetal.2010). pers.comm.).Inconclusion,ourstudycorrobo-
MostoftherecordedindividualswereEnto- rates the results by Huhta et al. (2010) in that
mobryidaeorIsotomidae.Indeed,epedaphicspe- many non-forested habitats host apeculiar Col-
cies are typified by Entomobryoidea and Sym- lembolafauna.Systematicstudiesinmarginalor
phypleona (Hopkin 1997). The most abundant otherwisepoorly studied biotopes arecrucial to
species were Lepidocyrtus lignorum, Pogono- get a thorough understanding of species abun-
gnathellusflavescensandIsotomaviridis.These dance,distributionandhabitataffinities.
wereabundantin allthethreehabitattypes and
havebeenrecordedalsoearlieringreatnumbers Acknowledgements.Wethanktwoanonymousreviewers
from grasslands (Gudleifsson & Bjarnadottir fortheirsuggestionstoimprovethemanuscriptandKo-
neenSäätiöforfundingtheproject“Perinneympäristöjen
2008).RoadvergeshadmoreSminthuridaespe-
janiitäkorvaavienkulttuuriympäristöjenhoitobiologisen
cies than meadows and pastures, but in general
monimuotoisuuden,sosiaalisenkestävyydenjataloudelli-
there was no species that would clearly favour sentehokkuudennäkökulmasta”.
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28 (cid:127) Collembolaintraditionalbiotopes 163
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