Springer Series in Light Scattering: Volume 3: Radiative Transfer and Light Scattering

227 Pages·2019·5.33 MB·English

by  Alexander Kokhanovsky

Springer Series in Light Scattering
Alexander Kokhanovsky Editor
Springer Series
in Light
Scattering
Volume 3: Radiative Transfer and Light
Scattering
Springer Series in Light Scattering
Series editor
Alexander Kokhanovsky, Vitrociset Belgium, Darmstadt, Germany
Editorial Advisory Board
Thomas Henning, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
George Kattawar, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
Oleg Kopelevich, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, Russia
Kuo-Nan Liou, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Michael Mishchenko, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, USA
Lev Perelman, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
Knut Stamnes, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, USA
Graeme Stephens, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Los Angeles, USA
Bart van Tiggelen, J. Fourier University, Grenoble, France
Claudio Tomasi, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Bologna, Italy
The main purpose of new SPRINGER Series in Light Scattering is to present
recent advances and progress in light scattering media optics. The topic is very
broad and incorporates such diverse areas as atmospheric optics, ocean optics,
optics of close-packed media, radiative transfer, light scattering, absorption, and
scattering by single scatterers and also by systems of particles, biomedical optics,
optical properties of cosmic dust, remote sensing of atmosphere and ocean, etc.
The topic is of importance for material science, environmental science, climate
change, and also for optical engineering. Although main developments in the
solutions of radiative transfer and light scattering problems have been achieved in
the 20th century by efforts of many scientists including V. Ambartsumian,
S. Chandrasekhar, P. Debye, H. C. van de Hulst, G. Mie, and V. Sobolev, the light
scattering media optics still have many puzzles to be solved such as radiative
transfer in closely packed media, 3D radiative transfer as applied to the solution of
inverse problems, optics of terrestrial and planetary surfaces, etc. Also it has a broad
range of applications in many brunches of modern science and technology such as
biomedical optics, atmospheric and oceanic optics, and astrophysics, to name a few.
It is planned that the Series will raise novel scientific questions, integrate data
analysis, and offer new insights in optics of light scattering media.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15365
Alexander Kokhanovsky
Editor
Springer Series in Light
Scattering
Volume 3: Radiative Transfer and Light
Scattering
123
Editor
Alexander Kokhanovsky
Vitrociset Belgium
Darmstadt, Hessen
Germany
ISSN 2509-2790 ISSN 2509-2804 (electronic)
Springer Series in Light Scattering
ISBN 978-3-030-03444-3 ISBN 978-3-030-03445-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03445-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018960351
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Contents
The LIDORT and VLIDORT Linearized Scalar and Vector
Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer Models: Updates
in the Last 10 Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Robert Spurr and Matt Christi
Radiative Transfer of Light in Strongly Scattering Media . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Boaz Ilan and Arnold D. Kim
Polarized Radiation Transport Equation in Anisotropic Media . . . . . . . 105
Margarita G. Kuzmina
Aerosol Layer Height over Water via Oxygen A-Band
Observations from Space: A Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Anthony B. Davis and Olga V. Kalashnikova
Optical Properties of Black Carbon Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Chao Liu
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
v
Contributors
Matt Christi Fort Collins, Colorado, CO, USA
Anthony B. Davis Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA, USA
Boaz Ilan Applied Mathematics Department, University of California, Merced,
Merced, CA, USA
Olga V. Kalashnikova Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Arnold D. Kim Applied Mathematics Department, University of California,
Merced, Merced, CA, USA
Margarita G. Kuzmina Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Chao Liu School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information
Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Robert Spurr RT Solutions, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
vii
The LIDORT and VLIDORT Linearized
Scalar and Vector Discrete Ordinate
Radiative Transfer Models: Updates
in the Last 10 Years
Robert Spurr and Matt Christi
1 Introduction
1.1 General Background
It has been 10 years since the last major review paper on the LIDORT and VLIDORT
radiative transfer models; this paper appeared in Light Scattering Reviews, Volume
3 (Spurr (2008), hereinafter referenced as [R1]). The present work will review the
current status of the two models in the light of new developments and upgrades in
the intervening period. LIDORT stands for “LInearized Discrete Ordinate Radiative
Transfer”, and the LIDORTmodel is a comprehensive linearized scalar (no polariza-
tion) RT package based on the discrete-ordinate method for solution of the radiative
transfer equation (RTE). VLIDORT is the corresponding vector version of LIDORT,
dealing with polarized light fields.
Radiative Transfer (RT) models have been around for more than a century, from
early investigations in stellar atmospheres, through the pioneering work by Chan-
drasekhar in the 1940s on the Rayleigh-atmosphere planetary problem, to the wealth
of numerical code packages available today. Interestingly, it is only in recent years
(see for exampleMishchenko 2014 and references therein), that a rigorous derivation
of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) has been established for randomly-oriented
particles and particle groups, starting from a set of fundamental assumptions in clas-
sical electromagnetic scattering theory.
In his famous book on radiative transfer, Chandrasekhar laid out his analytic
solution to the Stokes-vector polarized RTE for a single-layer Rayleigh scattering
R. Spurr (B)
RT Solutions, Inc., 9 Channing Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
e-mail:
2 R. Spurr and M. Christi
medium (Chandrasekhar 1960). Part of the heritage for LIDORT comes from the
older DISORT model (Stamnes et al. 1988), which was made available in the late
1980s. DISORT is the first multiple-scattering multi-layer discrete ordinate scalar
RT numerical model able to deal with both solar and thermal sources.
The LIDORT model development was started in 1999 in response to a need for a
multiple-scattering RT model that would not only calculate radiance fields, but also
generate analytically-derived accurate fields of radiance partial derivatives (Jaco-
bians, also known as weighting functions or sensitivity functions) with respect to
any atmospheric and/or surface parameters that characterize the optical property
inputs to the model. Simultaneous output of calculated intensities and Jacobians is
essential for the forward-model component of remote-sensing retrievals based on
inverse techniques using functional minimization (with and without regularization)
(Rodgers 2000). Jacobians are also important for linear error analyses and sensitivity
studies.
RT models having this capability are said to be “linearized”. Indeed, the use of
linearized RTmodels is obviously superior to the older technique of finite-difference
(FD) Jacobian computation,whereby two separate calls to theRTmodel are needed to
develop a radiance difference to be divided by a perturbation of the desired Jacobian
parameter. For applications requiring multi-layer profile Jacobians, FD estimates are
slow and cumbersome, requiring many RT model calls; there are also questions of
accuracy, since it is a matter of trial and error choosing the degree of perturbation.
With LIDORT, a single call to the model will deliver any number of Jacobians of all
kinds, and there are no issues of perturbation accuracy.
The LIDORT linearization method is based on end-to-end analytic differentia-
tion of the entire discrete ordinate radiation field in a multi-layer atmosphere, start-
ing with individual layer solutions of the RTE, and moving through the solutions
to the boundary-value problem and the post-processing of the solutions using the
source-function integration technique (Spurr et al. 2001; Spurr 2002). Other lin-
earized RT models have used the “forward-adjoint” RT solution method to obtain
accurate derivatives (Hasekamp and Landgraf 2002; Ustinov 2005; Rozanov and
Rozanov 2007; Doicu and Trautmann 2009).
1.2 Historical Overview of the (V)LIDORT Models
There have been a number of versions of LIDORT since its inception in 1999, and
similarly for VLIDORT (original version, 2004). Table 1 gives an overview of the
model features and associated version numbers. The first LSR paper [R1] covered
versions of LIDORTup to and including 3.3, andVLIDORTup toVersion 2.4 (orange
shading); up to that point, codes were written in Fortran 77. Thereafter, codes were
translated to Fortran 90. More details on the historical development of these models
may be found in the product User Guides.
The LIDORT and VLIDORT Linearized Scalar and Vector Discrete … 3
Table 1 Major capabilities of LIDORT and VLIDORT
Feature LIDORT VLIDORT
version version
Pseudo-spherical (solar beam attenuation) 2.1 1.0
Generalized output of Jacobians 2.1 2.0
Green’s function treatment 2.3 n/a
3-kernel BRDF system+ linearizations 2.4 2.2
Performance (multiple SZA, BVP telescoping) 3.0 2.2
Outgoing sphericity correction 3.2 2.3
Total column Jacobian facility 3.3 2.4
Transmittance-only thermal mode 3.3 2.4
Fortran 90 releases, use of I/O type structures 3.5 2.5
Development of BRDF supplement 3.5 2.5
Development of new surface-leaving supplement 3.6 2.6
Atmospheric and surface Planck-function Jacobians 3.7 2.7
Codes made thread-safe for OpenMP parallel computing 3.7 2.7
Introduction of Taylor series expansions 3.7 2.7
Use of phase functions (matrices) in FO code 3.8 2.8
Do-loop optimizations; bookkeeping improvements 3.8 2.8
BRDF and surface-leaving supplement upgrades 3.8 2.8
Fortran 77 Versions. The first version of LIDORT was developed in 1999 with the
profile-Jacobian linearization in a plane-parallel atmosphere (Spurr et al. 2001). Out-
put of weighting functions was limited to the TOA (top-of-atmosphere) upwelling
radiation field, with surface property Jacobians only for the Lambertian albedo.
Second versions of LIDORT included development of the pseudo-spherical treat-
ment of the solar beam attenuation in a curved atmosphere, and extensions for both
upwelling and downwelling Jacobian output at any layer boundary or intermediate
level. Green’s function methods were introduced for solving the radiative trans-
fer equation (RTE) for solar beam source terms (Spurr 2002; Van Oss and Spurr
2002), and a fully-linearized 3-kernel BRDF (bidirectional reflection distribution
function) was developed for the surface boundary condition (Spurr 2004). For the
third LIDORT versions, the generation of total column (as opposed to profile) Jaco-
bians was integrated into the code, along with an exact treatment of single scattering
for curved line-of-sight paths. Developments for VLIDORT have followed a similar
path, starting in 2004 with the first version (no linearization), with second versions
developed subsequently following their counterparts with the scalar code (Spurr
2006). All these developments were summed up in the previous review article [R1].
Fortran 90 Versions. In 2010, the LIDORT code was translated to Fortran 90 (Ver-
sion 3.5), followed byVLIDORT (Version 2.5). Themodels’ organization and coding
were overhauled in order to bring the codes in linewithmodern computing standards.