Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials PDF
Preview Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials
Springer Handbook oƒ Electronic and Photonic Materials Kasap Capper Editors 2nd Edition 123 Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials Springer Handbooks provide aconcisecompilationofapproved key information on methods of research, general principles, and functionalrelationshipsinphysical andappliedsciences.Theworld’s leading experts in the fields of physicsandengineeringwillbeas- signedbyoneorseveralrenowned editorstowrite thechapterscom- prisingeach volume.Thecontent is selected by these experts from Springersources(books,journals, onlinecontent)andothersystematic andapprovedrecentpublicationsof scientificandtechnicalinformation. Thevolumesaredesignedtobe usefulas readable desk reference booktogiveafastandcomprehen- siveoverviewandeasyretrievalof essentialreliablekeyinformation, includingtables,graphs,andbibli- ographies.Referencestoextensive sourcesareprovided. H Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials Safa Kasap, Peter Capper (Eds.) 2nd Edition With1088Figuresand185Tables K Editors SafaKasap UniversityofSaskatchewan Saskatoon,Canada [email protected] PeterCapper Southampton,UK [email protected] ISBN:978-3-319-48931-5 e-ISBN:978-3-319-48933-9 DOI10.1007/978-3-319-48933-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2017944229 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher, whether the whole or part of the materialis concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation, computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownor hereafterdeveloped. The use ofgeneral descriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks, servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsence ofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadvice andinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedate ofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgivea warranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein orforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisher remainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsand institutionalaffiliations. Productionandtypesetting:le-texpublishingservicesGmbH,Leipzig Typographyandlayout:schreiberVIS,Seeheim Illustrations:le-texpublishingservicesGmbH,Leipzig Coverdesign:eStudioCalamarSteinen,Barcelona Coverproduction:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg Printingandbinding:PrinterTrentos.r.l.,Trento Printedonacidfreepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG The registeredcompany address is:Gewerbestrasse11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland V Foreword The editors and authors of the Springer Handbook phors to infrared materials. Part D of Electronic and Photonic Materials are to be con- ofthisbookcoversawiderangeof gratulated on the second edition of this distinguished work in this area, including III–V volume,whichwillbeaninvaluablesourceofinforma- and II–VI optoelectronic materials tionforallstudents,scientists,professionals,andother and bandgap engineering, as well interestedpeopleworkingintheseareas.Havingmade as photonic glasses, liquid crys- contributions to earlier handbooks, I am well aware tals, organic photoconductors, and of the considerable and sustained work that is neces- the new area of photonic crystals. sary to produce a volume of this kind. This particular Theentirepartreflectsmaterialsfor Handbook,however, is distinguishedby its breadth of light generation, processing, trans- coverageinthefieldandthewayinwhichitdiscusses mission and detection – all the es- theverylatestdevelopments.Insucharapidlymoving sential elements for using light in- field, this is a considerable challenge, which has been steadofelectrons. Prof.ArthurWilloughby metadmirably. New materials have emerged UniversityofSouthampton Previoushandbooksandencyclopediashavetended since the first edition of this book to concentrate on semiconducting materials, for the waspublishedin2006andtheyarealsofullyreflected understandablereason of their dominance in the elec- in the book.One of these is graphene, which is under tronics field, and the wide range of semiconducting active research in order to discover its most effective materials and phenomena that must be covered. Few applications,andawholechapterisdeservedlydevoted havebeen courageousenoughto predictfuturetrends, tothis.Other2Dmaterialshavefollowedthisdiscovery, but in 1992 Mahajan and Kimerling attempted this andoffersimilarlyexcitingpossibilities. in the Introduction to their Concise Encyclopaedia of Anotherstrongfeature ofthis bookis its coverage Semiconducting Materials and Related Technologies offundamentalpropertiesinPartA,includingoptical, (Pergamon)andforesawfuturechallengesintheareas magnetic, electronic and dielectric properties, which of nanoelectronics, low dislocation-density III–V sub- laysthegroundworkfortherestofthebook.Likewise, strates,semi-insulatingIII–Vsubstrates,patternedepi- inPartB,welearnaboutsingle-crystalgrowth,epitaxy, taxyofII–Vs,alternativedielectricsandcontactsforsil- semiconductorcompounds’growthandrelatedcharac- icontechnology,anddevelopmentsinion-implantation terization,allofwhichwillbeextremelyinstructiveto anddiffusion.Toagreaterorlesserextent,allofthese thosenewtothefield. havebeenprovedtobetrue,butitillustrateshowdiffi- IntheMaterialsforElectronicssection(PartC),the cultitistomakesuchaprediction. book charts the progress in silicon – overwhelmingly Notmanypeoplewouldhavethought,twodecades the dominantmaterial for a whole range of electronic ago, that the III–nitrides would occupy an important functionsandcircuitry–includingnewdielectricsand positioninthisbook.Ashighmeltingpointmaterials, other issues associated with shrinking geometry of with the associated growth problems, they were not circuits and devices to produce ever higher packing highonthelistoffavoritesforlightemittersattheblue densities.Italsoincludesareasrarely coveredinother end of the spectrum! The story is a fascinating one – books:thickfilms,high-temperatureelectronicmateri- atleastasinterestingasthesolutiontotheproblemof als,andamorphousandmicrocrystallinematerials.The the short working life of early solid-state lasers at the existing developments that extend the life of silicon red end of the spectrum. Likewise, more recently, the technology,includingsilicon/germaniumalloys,appear advancesinwhite-lightemittingdiodes(WLEDs)have too,andraisethequestionagainastowhetherthepre- impacted us all, in replacement of traditional incan- dictedtimetableforthedemiseofsiliconhasagainbeen descent bulbs for applications such as car headlights, declaredtooearly!Ferroelectrics–aclassofmaterials torches,andotherlighting,andaremakingahugeim- used so effectively in conjunction with silicon – cer- pact in saving energy. Optoelectronics and photonics, tainlydeservetobehere. in general, have seen one of the most spectacular ad- The chapters in Part E (Novel Materials and Se- vancesoverthelastdecade,andthisisfullyreflectedin lected Applications),breaknewgroundinanumberof thebook,rangingfromvisible-lightemittersandphos- admirableways.Mostofusarefamiliarwithinforma- VI Foreword tionrecordingdevicessuchasCDs,DVDs,etc.,butfew So,aparticularstrengthofthisbookisthatitranges areawareofthematerials,orprinciples,involved.This fromthefundamentalscience(PartA)throughgrowth bookdescribesmagneticinformationstoragematerials, andcharacterization ofthematerials(Part B)toappli- as well as phase-change optical recording, keeping us cations(PartsC–E).Virtuallyallthematerialscovered fullyuptodatewithrespecttorecentdevelopments.The herehaveawiderangeofapplications,whichisoneof chapters in this sectioncovera diverserangeof mate- thereasonswhythisbookisgoingtobesouseful.As rialswithapplicationssuchassolarcells,sensors,pho- Iindicatedbefore,fewofuswill besuccessfulinpre- toconductors,carbonnanotubes,graphene,thermoelec- dicting the future direction and trends that occupy the tricmaterials,andmetamaterialsonwhichsuchahuge high-groundinthisfieldinthecomingdecade,butthis volumeofworkispresentlybeingpursuedworldwide. book teaches us the basic principles of materials and Both ends of the spectrum, from research to applica- leavesittoustoadaptthesetotheneedsoftomorrow.I tions,arerepresentedinchaptersonorganicelectronics commendittoyoumostwarmly. andpackagingmaterials,aswellasflexiblesubstrates, perovskites,andmaterialsforterahertzengineering. ArthurWilloughby VII Preface After several years in use, this second edition of the cessing and who need to learn the fundamentals of Springer Handbookof Electronic and Photonic Mate- semiconductorphysics.Someonewithafirstdegreein rialsisbroughtouttoupdatethecoverageandinclude physics would need to quickly update himself on ma- newtopics.Likethefirstedition,itrepresentsacompre- terials science concepts such as liquid phase epitaxy hensive treatise on electronic and photonic materials, andsoon.Difficultmathematicshasbeenavoidedand, with each chapter written by experts in the field. It is whenever possible, the explanations have been given aimed at senior undergraduate and graduate students, semiquantitatively. There is a Glossary of Defining researchers,andpracticingprofessionalsworkinginthe Terms at the end of the Handbook, which is a partic- areaofelectronic,optoelectronic,andphotonicmateri- ularlyusefulfeatureinaninterdisciplinaryhandbook. als. As indicated before, the second edition is a major The idea for the first edition of this volume grew revisionofthefirstone.Somechaptersofthefirstedi- out of the need for a reference work that covers the tion have been left out and many chapters have gone widespectrumoftopicsinmaterialsthattoday’selec- throughmajorrevisions.Quiteafewnewchaptershave tricalengineers,materialscientists,andphysicistsneed. been added: Photoconductivityin Materials Research; Electronic and photonic materials is a truly interdis- Temperature-Insensitive Band-Gap III-V Semiconduc- ciplinary subject that encompasses a number of tradi- tors: Tl-III-V and III-V-Bi; Graphene; Organic Solar tional disciplines such as materials science, electrical Cells;Materials forTerahertz Engineering;Metamate- engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical engi- rials; Thermoelectric Materials; Transparent Conduc- neering, physics, and chemistry. It is not unusual to tiveOxides;andInorganicPerovskiteOxides. find a mechanical engineering faculty carrying out re- The editors are very grateful to all the authors for searchonelectronicpackaging,andelectricalengineers their excellent contributions and for their cooperation carrying out characterization measurements on semi- indeliveringtheirmanuscriptsinthevariousstagesof conductors. There are only a few established univer- theproductionofthisHandbook.Sincerethanksgoto sitydepartments specializingin electronicor photonic JudithHinterbergforallhersupportandhelpthrough- materials. In general, electronic materials as a dis- outthelongperiodofcommissioningthecontributions cipline appears as a research group or as an inter- andforgettingthemreadyforproduction.UrsulaBarth disciplinary activity within a college or faculty. One and Constanze Ober have very skilfully handled the could argue that, because of the very fact that it is myriad issues involved in gettingthe Handbookready such an interdisciplinary field, there is a greater need for production, copy-editing, figure redrawing, proof to have a handbook that covers not only fundamen- preparation and correction, and our sincere thanks go tal topics but also advanced topics; hence the present tothemalsoforalltheirdedicatedworkinmakingthe Handbook. Handbookattractivetoread. ThechaptersinthissecondeditionoftheSpringer It is a pleasure to thank Professor Arthur Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials pro- Willoughbyforhismanyhelpfulsuggestionsthathave vide the necessary background and up-to-date knowl- madethisabetterHandbook.Hiswealthofexperience edge in a wide range of topics. Each chapter has as theEditor-in-ChiefoftheJournalofMaterialsSci- an introduction to the topic, many clear illustrations, ence:MaterialsinElectronicsplayedanimportantrole and numerous references. Clear explanations and il- not only in selecting chapters but also in finding the lustrations make the handbook useful for all levels of rightauthors. research.Allchaptersareasself-containedaspossible. Finally, the Editors wish to thank all the members Therearebothfundamentalandadvancedchaptersthat of their families (Nicolette (SK) and Marian, Samuel willappealtoreaderswithdifferentbackgrounds.This andThomas(PC))fortheirsupportandparticularlyfor is particularly important for this Handbook since the theirenduranceduringtheentireproject. subjectmatterishighlyinterdisciplinary.Forexample, therewillbereaderswithabackground(firstdegree)in SafaKasap Saskatoon,Canada chemical engineering working on semiconductor pro- PeterCapper Southampton,UK IX About the Editors Safa Kasap is currently a Distinguished Professor of Electronic and Optoelectronic Materials andDevices in theElectrical EngineeringDepartmentattheUniversityof Saskatchewan, Canada. He obtained his BSc (1976), MSc (1978), and PhD (1983) degreesfrom theImperialCollegeofScience,TechnologyandMedicine,University ofLondon,UK,specializinginamorphoussemiconductorsandchalcogenideglasses. In 1996 he was awarded the DSc (Engineering) from London University for his re- search contributionsto materials sciencein electrical engineering.Heis a Fellowof theAmericanPhysicalSocietyandtheRoyalSocietyofCanada.Heistheauthorof OptoelectronicsandPhotonics:PrinciplesandPractices (2ndEdition)andPrinciples ofElectronicMaterialsandDevices(4thEdition).Bothtextbooksarewidelyusedby many major universities and professionals. He is the Deputy Editor-in-Chief for the JournalofMaterialsScience:MaterialsinElectronics. Peter Capper was formerly Materials Team Leader at SELEX ES, which is now part of Leonardo MW Ltd. Dr Capper obtained his BA (1968) and PhD (1971) in Chemical Physics and Physics from Essex University and Portsmouth Polytechnic, UK, respectively. He has spent some 40 years in the infrared industry, growing and characterizing cadmium mercury telluride (CMT) and other tellurium-based materi- als.HeholdspatentsinthebulkgrowthofCMT,hasauthored/co-authoredover100 papersandgivenseveralinvitedtalksatinternationalcrystalgrowth/infrared(IR)con- ferences. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Physics and an Editor for the Journal of Materials Science:Materials in Electronics. Hehas edited/co-edited ten booksin IR materialsanddevicesandcrystalgrowth. XI List of Authors MartinAbkowitz(deceased) SergeiBaranovskii PhilippsUniversity Dept.ofPhysics SadaoAdachi Marburg,Germany GunmaUniversity [email protected] FacultyofScienceandTechnology Gunma,Japan [email protected] MarkBaxendale QueenMaryUniversityofLondon SchoolofPhysicsandAstronomy Guy J.Adriaenssens London,UK UniversityofLeuven [email protected] Lab.forSemiconductorPhysics Leuven,Belgium [email protected] MohammedL.Benkhedir TebessaUniversity Lab.ofAppliedandTheoreticalPhysics WilfriedvonAmmon Tebessa,Algeria VonAmmonConsulting [email protected] Roth,Germany [email protected] MonicaBrinza ASMLNetherlandsB.V. HajimeAsahi Veldhoven,TheNetherlands OsakaUniversity [email protected] Inst.ofScientificandIndustrialResearch Osaka,Japan [email protected] PaulD.Brown UniversityofNottingham Peter Ashburn Dept.ofMechanical,Materialsand UniversityofSouthampton ManufacturingEngineering SchoolofElectronicsandComputerScience Nottingham,UK Southampton,UK [email protected] [email protected] Peter Capper MarkAuslender FormerlywithLeonardoMWLtd Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegevBeerSheva Southampton,UK Dept.ofElectricalandComputerEngineering [email protected] BeerSheba,Israel [email protected] R.LawrenceComstock(deceased) DarrenM.Bagnall Ray DeCorby UniversityofNewSouthWales UniversityofAlberta SchoolofPhotovoltaicandRenewableEnergy ElectricalandComputerEngineering Engineering Edmonton,Canada Sydney,Australia [email protected] [email protected] M.JamalDeen IanM.Baker McMasterUniversity LeonardoMWLtd Dept.ofElectricalandComputerEngineering Southampton,UK Hamilton,Canada [email protected] [email protected]
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