Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials PDF
Preview Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials
Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials SpringerHandbooksprovide aconcisecompilationofapproved key information on methods of research, general principles, and functional relationships in physi- cal sciences and engineering. The world’sleadingexpertsinthefields ofphysicsandengineeringwillbe assignedbyoneorseveralrenowned editors to write the chapters com- prising each volume. The content is selected by these experts from Springer sources(books,journals, onlinecontent)andothersystematic andapprovedrecentpublicationsof physicalandtechnicalinformation. Thevolumesaredesignedtobe useful as readable desk reference bookstogiveafastandcomprehen- siveoverviewandeasyretrievalof essential reliable key information, includingtables,graphs,andbibli- ographies.Referencestoextensive sourcesareprovided. Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials Safa Kasap, Peter Capper (Eds.) WithCD-ROM,930Figuresand168Tables 123 Editors: SafaKasap UniversityofSaskatchewan DepartmentofElectricalEngineering Saskatoon,SK,S7N5A9 Canada PeterCapper SELEXSensorsandAirborneSystemsInfraredLtd. MillbrookIndustrialEstate Southampton,HampshireSO150EG UnitedKingdom AssistantEditor: CyrilKoughia UniversityofSaskatchewan Canada LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2006921596 ISBN-10:0-387-26059-5 e-ISBN:0-387-29185-7 ISBN-13:978-0-387-26059-4 Printedonacidfreepaper (cid:1)c 2006,SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,Inc. 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Productionandtypesetting:LE-TeXGbR,Leipzig Handbookcoordinator:Dr.W.Skolaut,Heidelberg Typography,layoutandillustrations: schreiberVIS,Seeheim&HippmannGbR,Schwarzenbruck Coverdesign:eStudioCalamarSteinen,Barcelona Coverproduction:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg Printingandbinding:StürtzGmbH,Würzburg SPIN11051855 9065/3141/YL 543210 V Foreword TheEditors,Authors,andPublisheraretobecongrat- photoconductors,andthenewarea ulated on this distinguished volume, which will be an ofphotoniccrystals.ThewholePart invaluable source of information to all workers in the reflects materials for light genera- areaofelectronicandphotonicmaterials.Havingmade tion, processing, transmission and contributionstoearlierhandbooks,Iamwellawareof detection – all the essential ele- theconsiderable,andsustainedworkthatisnecessaryto ments for using light instead of produceavolumeofthiskind.Thisparticularhandbook, electrons. however,isdistinguishedbyitsbreadthofcoveragein IntheMaterialsforElectronics thefield,andthewayinwhichitdiscussestheverylat- part (Part C) the book charts the estdevelopments.Insucharapidlymovingfield,thisis progress in silicon – overwhelm- aconsiderablechallenge,andithasbeenmetadmirably. ingly the dominant material for Previoushandbooksandencyclopaediahavetended a whole range of electronic func- Prof.ArthurWilloughby to concentrate on semiconducting materials, for the tionsandcircuitry–includingnew MaterialsResearchGroup, University of Southampton, understandable reason of their dominance in the elec- dielectrics and other issues asso- UK tronics field, and the wide range of semiconducting ciated with shrinking geometry of materials and phenomena that must be covered. Few circuits and devices to produce ever higher packing have been courageous enough to predict future trends, densities.Italsoincludesareasrarelycoveredinother but in 1992 Mahajan and Kimerling attempted this books – thick films, high-temperature electronic ma- in the Introduction to their Concise Encyclopaedia terials, amorphousand microcrystallinematerials. The of Semiconducting Materials and Related Technolo- existingdevelopmentsthatextendthelifeofsilicontech- gies (Pergamon), and foresaw future challenges in nology,includingsilicon/germaniumalloys,appeartoo, the areas of nanoelectronics, low dislocation-density andraisethequestionagainastowhetherthepredicted III-V substrates, semi-insulating III-V substrates, pat- timetable for the demise of silicon has again been de- terned epitaxy of III-Vs, alternative dielectrics and clared too early!! Ferroelectrics – a class of materials contacts for silicon technology, and developments in usedsoeffectivelyinconjunctionwithsilicon–certainly ion-implantation and diffusion. To a greater or lesser deservetobehere. extent, all of these have been proved to be true, but it The chapters in Part E (Novel Materials and Se- illustrateshowdifficultitistomakesuchaprediction. lected Applications), break new ground in a number Not many people would have thought, a decade of admirable ways. Most of us are aware of, and fre- ago, that the III-nitrides would occupy an important quentlyuse,informationrecordingdevicessuchasCDs, position in this book. As high melting point mater- videos,DVDsetc.,butfewareawareofthematerials, ials, with the associated growth problems, they were or principles, involved. This book describes magnetic not high on the list of favourites for light emitters at informationstoragematerials,aswellasphase-change the blue end of the spectrum! The story is a fascinat- opticalrecording,keepingusfullyup-to-datewithrecent ing one – at least as interesting as the solution to the developments. The chapters also include applications problem of the short working life of early solid-state such as solar cells, sensors, photoconductors, and car- lasers at the red end of the spectrum. Optoelectron- bonnanotubes,onwhichsuchahugevolumeofwork ics and photonics, in general, have seen one of the ispresentlybeingpursuedworldwide.Bothendsofthe most spectacular advances over the last decade, and spectrumfromresearchtoapplicationsarerepresented thisisfullyreflectedinthebook,rangingfromvisible in chapters on molecular electronics and packaging light emitters, to infra-red materials. The book covers materials. awiderangeofworkinPartD,includingIII-VandII- A particular strength of this book is that it ranges VIoptoelectronicmaterialsandband-gapengineering, fromthefundamentalscience(PartA)throughgrowth as well as photonic glasses, liquid crystals, organic and characterisation of the materials (Part B) to VI applications(PartsC–E).Virtuallyallthematerialscov- occupying the high-ground in this field in the coming ered here have a wide range of applications, which is decade, but this book teaches us the basic principles one of the reasons why this book is going to be so of materials, and leaves it to us to adapt these to useful. As I indicated before, few of us will be suc- the needs of tomorrow. I commend it to you most cessful in predicting the future direction and trends, warmly. VII Preface Otherhandbooksinvariousdisciplinessuchaselectrical inawiderangeoftopics.Eachchap- engineering,electronics,biomedicalengineering,mater- ter has an introduction to the topic, ialsscience,etc.arecurrentlyavailableandwellusedby many clear illustrations and numer- numerousstudents,instructorsandprofessionals.Most ous references. Clear explanations libraries have these handbook sets and each contains andillustrationsmakethehandbook numerous(atleast50)chaptersthatcoverawidespec- useful to all levels of researchers. trumoftopicswithineachwell-defineddiscipline.The Allchaptersareasself-containedas subjectandthelevelofcoverageappealtobothunder- possible.Therearebothfundamental graduate and postgraduate students and researchers as and advanced chapters to appeal to wellastopracticingprofessionals.Theadvancedtopics readers with different backgrounds. followintroductorytopicsandprovideampleinforma- Thisisparticularlyimportantforthis Dr.PeterCapper tion that is useful to all, beginners and researchers, in handbook since the subject matter MaterialsTeamLeader, thefield.Everyfewyears,aneweditionisbroughtout is highly interdisciplinary. For ex- SELEX Sensors and Airborne toupdatethecoverageandincludenewtopics. ample, there will be readers with Systems, There has been no similar handbook in electronic abackground(firstdegree)inchem- Southampton,UK andphotonicmaterials,andthepresentSpringerHand- ical engineering and working on book of Electronic and Photonic Materials (SHEPM) semiconductorprocessingwhoneed idea grew out of a need for a handbook that covers to learn the fundamentals of semi- awidespectrumoftopicsinmaterialsthattoday’sengi- conductors physics. Someone with neers,materialscientists,physicists,andchemistsneed. afirstdegreeinphysicswouldneed Electronic and photonic materials is a truly interdisci- to quickly update himself on mater- plinarysubjectthatencompassesanumberoftraditional ials science concepts such as liquid disciplines such as materials science, electrical engi- phase epitaxy and so on. Difficult neering,chemicalengineering,mechanicalengineering, mathematics has been avoided and, physics and chemistry. It is not unusual to find a me- whenever possible, the explanations chanical engineering faculty carrying out research on have been given semiquantitatively. electronic packaging and electrical engineers carrying There is a “Glossary of Defining Prof.SafaKasap outcharacterizationmeasurementsonsemiconductors. Terms” at the end of the handbook, ProfessorandCanada Thereareonlyafewestablisheduniversitydepartments which can serve to quickly find the ResearchChair, inelectronicorphotonicmaterials.Ingeneral,electronic definition of a term – a very nec- ElectricalEngineering materialsasa“discipline”appearsasaresearchgroup essaryfeatureinaninterdisciplinary Department, UniversityofSaskatchewan, or as an interdisciplinary activity within a “college”. handbook. Canada Onecouldarguethat,becauseoftheveryfactthatitis The editors are very grateful to such an interdisciplinary field, there is a greater need all the authors for their excellent contributions and to have a handbook that covers not only fundamen- for their cooperation in delivering their manuscripts tal topics but also advanced topics; hence the present and in the various stages of production of this hand- handbook. book. Sincere thanks go to Greg Franklin at Springer Thishandbookisacomprehensivetreatiseonelec- Bostonforallhissupportandhelpthroughoutthelong tronicandphotonicmaterialswitheachchapterwritten period of commissioning, acquiring the contributions byexpertsinthefield.Thehandbookisaimedatsenior and the production of the handbook. Dr. Werner Sko- undergraduate and graduate students, researchers and lautatSpringerHeidelberghasveryskillfullyhandled professionals working in the area of electronic, opto- themyriadproductionissuesinvolvedincopy-editing, electronicandphotonicmaterials.Thechaptersprovide figure redrawing and proof preparation and correction the necessary background and up-to-date knowledge and our sincere thanks go to him also for all his hard VIII workinmakingthehandbookattractivetoread.Heisthe Finally,theeditorswishtothankallthemembersof mostdedicatedandefficienteditorwehavecomeacross. ourfamilies(Marian,SamuelandThomas;andNicol- ItisapleasuretothankProfessorArthurWilloughby lette)fortheirsupportandparticularlytheirendurance forhismanyhelpfulsuggestionsthatmadethisabetter duringtheentireproject. handbook. His wealth of experience as editor of the Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics playedanimportantrolenotonlyinselectingchapters PeterCapperandSafaKasap butalsoinfindingtherightauthors. Editors IX List of Authors MartinAbkowitz MarkAuslender 1198GatestoneCircle Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegevBeerSheva Webster,NY14580,USA DepartmentofElectrical e-mail:[email protected], andComputerEngineering [email protected] P.O.Box653 BeerSheva84105,Israel SadaoAdachi e-mail:[email protected] GunmaUniversity DepartmentofElectronicEngineering, DarrenM.Bagnall FacultyofEngineering UniversityofSouthampton Kiryu-shi376-8515 SchoolofElectronicsandComputerScience Gunma,Japan Southampton,SO171BJ,UK e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] AlfredAdams IanM.Baker UniversityofSurrey SELEXSensorsandAirborneSystemsInfraredLtd. AdvancedTechnologyInstitute Southampton,HampshireSO15OEG,UK Guildford,Surrey,GU27XH, e-mail:[email protected] Surrey,UK SergeiBaranovskii e-mail:[email protected] PhilippsUniversityMarburg GuyJ.Adriaenssens DepartmentofPhysics UniversityofLeuven Renthof5 LaboratoriumvoorHalfgeleiderfysica 35032Marburg,Germany Celestijnenlaan200D e-mail:[email protected] B-3001Leuven,Belgium MarkBaxendale e-mail:[email protected] QueenMary,UniversityofLondon WilfriedvonAmmon DepartmentofPhysics SiltronicAG MileEndRoad ResearchandDevelopment London,E14NS,UK JohannesHessStrasse24 e-mail:[email protected] 84489Burghausen,Germany MohammedL.Benkhedir e-mail:[email protected] UniversityofLeuven PeterAshburn LaboratoriumvoorHalfgeleiderfysica UniversityofSouthampton Celestijnenlaan200D SchoolofElectronicsandComputerScience B-3001Leuven,Belgium Southampton,SO171BJ,UK e-mail:MohammedLoufti.Benkhedir e-mail:[email protected] @fys.kuleuven.ac.be X ListofAuthors MonicaBrinza RayDeCorby UniversityofLeuven UniversityofAlberta LaboratoriumvoorHalfgeleiderfysica DepartmentofElectrical Celestijnenlaan200D andComputerEngineering B-3001Leuven,Belgium 7thFloor,9107-116StreetN.W. e-mail:[email protected] Edmonton,AlbertaT6G2V4,Canada e-mail:[email protected] PaulD.Brown UniversityofNottingham M.JamalDeen SchoolofMechanical,Materialsand McMasterUniversity ManufacturingEngineering DepartmentofElectrical UniversityPark andComputerEngineering(CRL226) Nottingham,NG72RD,UK 1280MainStreetWest e-mail:[email protected] Hamilton,ONL8S4K1,Canada e-mail:[email protected] MikeBrozel UniversityofGlasgow LeonardDissado DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy TheUniversityofLeicester KelvinBuilding DepartmentofEngineering Glasgow,G128QQ,UK UniversityRoad e-mail:[email protected] Leicester,LE17RH,UK e-mail:[email protected] LukaszBrzozowski UniversityofToronto DavidDunmur SunnybrookandWomen’sResearchInstitute, UniversityofSouthampton ImagingResearch/ SchoolofChemistry DepartmentofMedicalBiophysics Southampton,SO171BJ,UK ResearchBuilding,2075BayviewAvenue e-mail:[email protected] Toronto,ON,M4N3M5,Canada LesterF.Eastman e-mail:[email protected] CornellUniversity PeterCapper DepartmentofElectrical SELEXSensors andAirborneSystemsInfraredLtd. andComputerEngineering MaterialsTeamLeader 425PhillipsHall MillbrookIndustrialEstate,POBox217 Ithaca,NY14853,USA Southampton,HampshireSO150EG,UK e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] AndyEdgar LarryComstock VictoriaUniversity SanJoseStateUniversity SchoolofChemicalandPhysicalSciencesSCPS 6574CrystalSpringsDrive KelburnParade/POBox600 SanJose,CA95120,USA Wellington,NewZealand e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected]
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