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Springer Handbook oƒ Electrochemical Energy Breitkopf Swider-Lyons Editors 123 Springer Handbook of Electrochemical Energy Springer Handbooks provide aconcisecompilationofapproved key information on methods of research, general principles, and functionalrelationshipsinphysical andappliedsciences.Theworld’s leading experts in the fields of physicsandengineeringwillbeas- signedbyoneorseveralrenowned editorstowrite thechapterscom- prisingeach volume.Thecontent is selected by these experts from Springersources(books,journals, onlinecontent)andothersystematic andapprovedrecentpublicationsof scientificandtechnicalinformation. Thevolumesaredesignedtobe usefulas readable desk reference booktogiveafastandcomprehen- siveoverviewandeasyretrievalof essentialreliablekeyinformation, includingtables,graphs,andbibli- ographies.Referencestoextensive sourcesareprovided. H Springer Handbook of Electrochemical Energy Cornelia Breitkopf, Karen Swider-Lyons (Eds.) With722Figuresand70Tables K Editors CorneliaBreitkopf TUDresden Dept.MechanicalEngineering Helmholtzstr.14 Dresden,Germany [email protected] KarenSwider-Lyons USNavalResearchLaboratory ChemistryDivision Washington,D.C.20375,USA [email protected] ISBN:978-3-662-46656-8 e-ISBN:978-3-662-46657-5 DOI978-3-662-46657-5 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2016951879 ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher, whether the whole or part of the materialis concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation, computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownor hereafterdeveloped. The use ofgeneral descriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks, servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsence ofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadvice andinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedate ofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgivea warranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein orforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Production,typesettingandillustrations:le-texpublishingservicesGmbH, Leipzig SeniorManagerSpringerHandbook:Dr.W.Skolaut,Heidelberg Typographyandlayout:schreiberVIS,Seeheim Coverdesign:eStudioCalamarSteinen,Barcelona Coverproduction:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg Printingandbinding:PrinterTrentos.r.l.,Trento Printedonacidfreepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringer-VerlagGmbHBerlinHeidelberg V Preface Aquick lookaround youroffice space tells the importanceofelectrochemistry. The drinking water in your water or coffee is made safe by electrochemically produced chlorine.Yourcomputeroperatesseamlesslyonsolid-stateelectronicscontainingelec- trodepositedthinfilmsandsemiconductors.Yourcellphoneannouncesthearrivalof atextmessageusingenergyfrom a Li-ion battery.Your car outsidelooksshinyand rustfree. Ifyoulosegridpower,aflashlightwithits twosturdyD-cellbatteries will getyouaroundinthedark. ThetermelectrochemistryisdefinedinEnglishas thebranchofchemistryconcernedwiththerelationsbetweenchemicalandelec- tricalphenomena,andespeciallywithreactionsoccurringatthepointofcontact of an electrical conductor and a conducting liquid. (Oxford English Dictionary, OxfordUniversityPress2013) Electrochemistryismoreaccuratelydescribedbythecharge-transferreactioninFig.1. Fig.1 Generalschemeforareversiblecharge-transferreac- Heat tioninwhichcomponentsAandBarereducedbyanelectron A+B+e– AB– toAB(cid:2).Heatiseithergeneratedorconsumedinthereaction. Insomecases,lightcanbeproducedorconsumed Light Inthisscheme,theforwardreactioncomprisesthereductionofAandBtoAB(cid:2). Intheprocess,heatandsometimeslightisproducedorconsumed.Thereversereac- tionwouldbeanoxidationreaction,withanelectroncreated.Aand/orBmightstartas chargedspecies,andconstituteagas,liquid,orsolid.Inasolid,thespeciescaneven beachargedvacancy.Overall,whenanelectricalpathisavailabletotheappropriate reagentsormaterials,itcanreleasenew(wantedorunwanted)chemicalspecies,elec- tricity,andevenlight.Thereactionscanoccurinanyformofmatterandaconducting liquidisnotrequired. Theintentionofthisbookisnottocoverallaspectsofelectrochemistry,butrather giveamodernportraitofhowfundamentalelectrochemistryisnowrealizedinmodern topicsinenergy.In thisrespect, wefocusedonchapters pertainingto thefollowing: thermodynamics,electrodesandelectrodeprocesses,masstransport,andelectrochem- icalmaterials.Theseaspectsofelectrochemistryarealsoexaminedinpolymer,solid oxideandbiologicalfuelcells,batteries,supercapacitors,photoelectrochemistry,and electrochemical hydrogen production, plus other topics including electrometallurgy, electrodepositionandelectrochemicalmachining. This Springer Handbook of Electrochemical Energy is accordingly filled with rich chapters reflecting the complexity of electrochemistry. Chapter 2 on Modern Electrochemistrygivesanoverviewofthechaptersandhowtheyarerelatedtoelectro- chemistryandtoeachother.Theinvitedauthorstothisbookrepresentaninternational groupofchemists,physicists,materialsscientists,biologists,andmechanicalandelec- trical engineers, who tackle both fundamental science and engineering towards the understandingofelectrochemistryinenergysystems.Eachchaptermaybetreatedas astandalonetutorialortheymaybeusedtogethertobuildamorecompletepicture. We are grateful to the authors for their contributions and patience in the devel- opment of this book, and we hope that the readers find the book a useful research VI Preface anddevelopmentresourceforelectrochemicaltheory,governingequations,materials referencesandmethodology. CorneliaBreitkopf KarenSwider-Lyons VII About the Editors Cornelia BreitkopfisFullProfessorandChairofTechnicalThermodynamicsatthe Technische Universität Dresden in Germany. She studied chemistry at the Martin- Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg (Germany), where shereceived theDipl.-Chem. degree and afterwards the PhD in Physical Chemistry. The main aspects of these graduationshadbeenrelatedtotheoreticalquantum-chemicalcalculationsofreaction mechanismof enzyme related conversions.After a postdocpositionat the Birkbeck College/UniversityofLondonin thegroupofProf. JuliaGoodfellow,shejoinedthe EnvironmentalResearch Center in Leipzig, where she mainly dealt with the impact ofxenobioticsandtheirdistributionin theenvironment.During thistime, shewas a GuestResearcherattheEnvironmentalScienceCenterinPeterborough/Canadainthe group of Prof. Don Mackay. At the University of Leipzig she finished her Habilita- tioninTechnicalChemistry.Themainaspectsofthehabilitationworkhavebeenthe application of transient methodsfor describing heterogeneouslycatalyzed reactions. After habilitation she was Professor for Chemical Reaction Engineering in Leipzig andFreiberg.AfterthatshemovedtoTUMtoworkasseniorscientistalsointhefield ofheterogeneouscatalysis.Since2010sheisFullProfessorinDresdenintheDepart- mentofMechanicalEngineering.Hermainresearchinterestsaretransientmethodsfor theevaluationoftransportandsorptionparametersofgasesinporousmediaaccompa- niedwiththemodelingofcomplextransportphenomena,thetheoreticaldetermination ofpropertydata,thecharacterizationofsolidporousmaterials,andmodelingofsilicon waferstructures. Dr. Karen Swider Lyons is a Head of the Alternative Energy Section in the Chem- istry Division at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. She currently leads research programs on advancedbattery materials, low-costcatalysts for use in polymer fuel cells, plus is studying how fuel cells can be used for long-endurance, energy-efficient unmannedair vehiclesand unmannedunderseavehicles.Sheserves as a Technical Advisor to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the OfficeofNavalResearch.In2010,shereceivedtheDr.DeloresM.EtterTopScien- tistAwardfromtheUSNavyforherworkonthelong-enduranceIonTigerfuelcell unmannedairvehicle.Dr.Swider-Lyonshasauthored72papersinrefereedjournals, 95technicalarticles/chaptersandholds14patents.SheisamemberoftheMaterials ResearchSocietyandElectrochemicalSociety(ECS),forwhomshehasbeenanorga- nizingmemberoftheProtonElectrolyteFuelCellscommitteesince2011.Sheearned herPhDin1992inMaterialsScienceandEngineeringattheUniversityofPennsylva- nia,Philadelphia,PAforherworkonmixedconductingmaterialsforsolidoxidefuel cells,andholdsaBSinChemistryfromHaverfordCollege,Haverford,PA(1987). IX List of Authors JanAllen ThierryBrousse USArmyResearchLaboratory UniversitédeNantes SensorsandElectronDevicesDirectorate Inst.desMatériauxJeanRouxelIMN,UMRCNRS 2800PowderMillRoad 6502/PolytechNantes Adelphi,MD20783,USA rueChristianPauc [email protected] 44306NantesCedex3,France [email protected] MichaelAngelo UniversityofHawaii–Manoa ColinG.Cameron HawaiiSustainableEnergyResearchFacility, DefenceResearchandDevelopmentCanada HawaiiNaturalEnergyInst. AtlanticResearchCentre 1680East-WestRoad Dartmouth,NSB2Y3Z7,Canada Honolulu,HI96822,USA [email protected] [email protected] Jeng-KueiChang DickBedeaux NationalCentralUniversity NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology Inst.MaterialScienceandEngineering Dept.Chemistry 300Jhong-DaRoad,Jhong-Li Høgskoleringen5 Taoyuan,Taiwan 7491Trondheim,Norway [email protected] [email protected] DanielBélanger GeorgeZ.Chen UniversityQuebecatMontreal(UQAM) UniversityofNottinghamNingboChina Dept.Chemistry Dept.ChemicalandEnvironmentalEngineering 2101,rueJeanne-Mance 199TaikangEastRoad Montreal,QCH2X2J6,Canada 315100Ningbo,China [email protected] [email protected] KeithBethune KazumiChiba UniversityofHawaii–Manoa TokyoUniversityofAgricultureandTechnology HawaiiSustainableEnergyResearchFacility, LaboratoryofBio-organicChemistry HawaiiNaturalEnergyInst. 3-5-8Saiwai-cho,Fuchu 1680East-WestRoad 183-8509 Tokyo,Japan Honolulu,HI96822,USA [email protected] [email protected] KevinCooper NilsBrandau ScribnerAssociates,Inc. VolkswagenAG 150EConnecticutAve. FuelCellResearch SouthernPines,NC28387, USA 38440Wolfsburg,Germany [email protected] [email protected] CorneliaBreitkopf MinatoEgashira TUDresden NihonUniversity Dept.MechanicalEngineering CollegeofBioresourceSciences Helmholtzstr.14 1866Kameino 01062Dresden,Germany 252-0880Fujisawa,Japan [email protected] [email protected] X ListofAuthors FrédéricFavier MatthiasHeim UniversitéMontpellierII BMZGmbH Inst.CharlesGerhardt(ICG) ZecheGustav1 E.Bataillon,cc1502 63791Karlstein,Germany 34095MontpellierCedex05,France [email protected] [email protected] RudolfHolze TechnischeUniversitätChemnitz JamesM.Fenton InstitutfürChemie UniversityofCentralFlorida Str.derNationen62 FloridaSolarEnergyCenter 09111Chemnitz,Germany 1679ClearlakeRoad [email protected] Cocoa,FL32922-5703,USA DiHu RobertJ.Forster UniversityofNottinghamNingboChina DublinCityUniversity Dept.ChemicalandEnvironmentalEngineering SchoolofChemicalSciences 199TaikangEastRoad Dublin9,Ireland 315100Ningbo,China [email protected] [email protected] YannickGarsany JackHuizingh ExcetInc./USNavalResearchLaboratory UniversityofHawaii–Manoa ChemistryDivision HawaiiSustainableEnergyResearchFacility, 4555OverlookAve.,SW HawaiiNaturalEnergyInst. Washington,DC20375,USA 1680East-WestRoad [email protected] Honolulu,HI96822,USA [email protected] IsaíGonzalezMartínez ThyssenKruppElectrolysisGmbH GregJackson ProcessEngineering ColoradoSchoolofMines Vosskuhle38,Harpen Dept.MechanicalEngineering 44141Dortmund,Germany 1610IllinoisStr. [email protected] Golden,CO8040,USA [email protected] RichardHanke-Rauschenbach MichelleD.Johannes LeibnizUniversityHannover USNavalResearchLaboraty InstituteforElectricPowerSystems, CenterforComputationalMaterialsScience ElectricEnergyStorageSystems 4555OverlookAve. Appelstr.9A Washington,DC20375,USA 30167Hannover,Germany [email protected] [email protected] T.RichardJow TingHe USArmyResearchLaboratory IdahoNationalLaboratory SensorsandElectronDevicesDirectorate EnergyandEnvironmentScienceandTechnology 2800PowderMillRoad IdahoFalls,ID83415,USA Adelphi,MD20783, USA [email protected] [email protected] DietrichHebecker MahaprasadKar Martin-Luther-UniversityHalle-Wittenberg Phillips66ResearchCenter EngineeringScienceCenter SustainabilityTechnologies 06099Halle(Saale),Germany Bartlesville,OK74003,USA [email protected] [email protected]