Spread spectrum in mobile communication

478 Pages·1998·23.186 MB·English

by  O. Berg, T. Berg, J.F. Hjelmstad, S. Haavik, R. Skaug

SPREAD SPECTRUM
IN MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
Olav Berg, Tore Berg,
Svein Haavik, Jens Hjelmstad
and Reidar Skaug
The Institution of Electrical Engineers
IEE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERIES 40
Series Editors: Professor Charles J. Hughes
Professor David Parsons
Professor Gerry White
SPREAD SPECTRUM
IN MORILE
COMMUNICATION
Other volumes in this series:
Volume 1 Telecommunications networks J. E. Flood (Editor)
Volume 2 Principles of telecommunication-traffic engineering D. Bear
Volume 3 Programming electronic switching systems M. T. Hills and
S. Kano
Volume 4 Digital transmision systems P. Bylanski and D. G. W. Ingram
Volume 5 Angle modulation: the theory of system assessment
J. H. Roberts
Volume 6 Signalling in telecommunications networks S. Welch
Volume 7 Elements of telecommunications economics S. C. Littlechild
Volume 8 Software design for electronic switching systems S. Takamura,
H. Kawashima, N. Nakajima
Volume 9 Phase noise in signal sources W. P. Robins
Volume 10 Local telecommunications J. M. Griffiths (Editor)
Volume 11 Principles and practices of multi-frequency telegraphy
J. D. Ralphs
Volume 12 Spread spectrum in communications R. Skaug and
J. F. Hjelmstad
Volume 13 Advanced signal processing D. J. Creasey (Editor)
Volume 14 Land mobile radio systems R. J. Holbeche (Editor)
Volume 15 Radio receivers W. Gosling (Editor)
Volume 16 Data communications and networks R. L. Brewster (Editor)
Volume 17 Local telecommunications 2 J. M. Griffiths (Editor)
Volume 18 Satellite communication systems B. G. Evans (Editor)
Volume 19 Telecommunications traffic, tariffs and costs R. E. Farr
Volume 20 An introduction to satellite communications D. I. Dalgleish
Volume 21 SPC digital telephone exchanges F. J. Redmill and
A. R. Valdar
Volume 22 Data communications and networks 2nd Edn. R. L. Brewster (Editor)
Volume 23 Radio spectrum management D. J. Withers
Volume 24 Satellite communication systems 2nd Edn. B. G. Evans (Editor)
Volume 25 Personal & mobile radio systems R. C. V. Macario (Editor)
Volume 26 Common-channel signalling R. J. Manterfield
Volume 27 Transmission systems J. E. Flood and P. Cochrane (Editors)
Volume 28 VSATs: very small aperture terminals J. L. Everett (Editor)
Volume 29 ATM: the broadband telecommunications solution L. G. Cuthbert and
J.-C. Sapanel
Volume 30 Telecommunication network management into the 21st century
S. Aidarous and T. Plevyak (Editors)
Volume 31 Data communications and networks 3rd Edn. R. L. Brewster (Editor)
Volume 32 Analogue optical fibre communications B. Wilson, I. Darwazeh and
Z. Ghassemlooy (Editors)
Volume 33 Modern personal radio systems R. C. V. Macario (Editor)
Volume 34 Digital broadcasting P. Dambacher
Volume 35 Principles of performance engineering for telecommunication and
information systems M. Ghanbari, C. J. Hughes, M. C. Sinclair and
J. P. Eade
Volume 36 Telecommunication networks, 2nd edition J. E. Flood (Editor)
Volume 37 Optical communication receiver design S. B. Alexander
Volume 38 Satellite communication systems, 3rd edition B. G. Evans (Editor)
Volume 39 Quality of service in telecommunications A. Oodan, K. Ward and
T. Mullee
SPREAD SPECTRUM
IN MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
Olav Berg, Tore Berg,
Svein Haavik, Jens Hjelmstad
and Reidar Skaug
The Institution of Electrical Engineers
Published by: The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London,
United Kingdom
© 1998: The Institution of Electrical Engineers
This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the
Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair
dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or
review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988,
this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any forms or
by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms
of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries
concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the
publishers at the undermentioned address:
The Institution of Electrical Engineers,
Michael Faraday House,
Six Hills Way, Stevenage,
Herts. SG1 2AY, United Kingdom
While the authors and the publishers believe that the information and
guidance given in this work is correct, all parties must rely upon their own
skill and judgment when making use of it. Neither the author nor the
publishers assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage caused
by any error or omission in the work, whether such error or omission is
the result of negligence or any other cause. Any and all such liability is
disclaimed.
The moral right of the authors to be identified as authors of this work has
been asserted by him/her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book
is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 85296 935 X
Printed in England by Bookcraft, Bath
Contents
list of abbreviations n
Preface *J
1 Introduction l
1.1 Concepts of modern mobile communication 1
1.1.1 Fundamental concepts *
1.1.2 Topology of radio networks 5
1.1.3 Packet radio or circuit switching? 10
1.1.4 Teleservices against bearer services in a mobile radiocommunication system 11
1.1.5 Interfaces and functional units in a mobile radio network 12
1.2 The evolution of mobile communication networks 15
1.2.1 Evolution of public communication systems 15
1.2.2 Evolution of private and military communication systems 18
1.2.3 The designer's choice, choose off-the-shelf or make your own? 21
1.3 From spread-spectrum modulation to integrated communication 24
1.3.1 Classical and new challenges in relation to intelligent radiocommunication 24
1.3.2 The use of radio waves to carry information 25
1.3.2.1 Time/frequency-domain operations 27
1.3.2.2 Transverse properties of the electromagnetic wave: polarisation 28
1.3.2.3 Antenna beam form and focusing 29
1.3.2.4 Co-operative antennas/spatial focusing 30
1.3.3 Introduction to current spread-spectrum principles 32
1.3.3.1 Definition of spread-spectrum modulation 32
1.3.3.2 Generation of spread-spectrum waveforms 33
1.3.3.3 Definition of processing gain 33
1.3.3.4 Operational advantages of spread-spectrum modulation 35
1.3.4 Cochannel interference andjamming 39
1.3.5 Evolution of spread-spectrum systems 40
2 Designing systems to meet user requirements 43
2.1 User requirements and system aspects 45
2.1.1 Service-coverage area 46
2.1.1.1 Radio-coverage area 46
2.1.1.2 Network concepts 49
2.1.1.3 Interference and collocation 50
vi Contents
2.1.2 Autonomy 54
2.1.3 Mode of operation 56
2.1.4 Services 57
2.1.4.1 User requirements 57
2.1.4.2 Network services 61
2.1.4.3 Teleservices 62
2.1.4.4 Bearer services 63
2.1.4.5 Switching concepts 63
2.1.4.6 Point-to-point addressing 67
2.1.4.7 Multipoint addressing 67
2.1.4.8 Quality of service 69
2.1.4.9 Precedence and pre-emption 73
2.1.5 Mobility 74
2.1.5.1 Global mobility 74
2.1.5.2 Local mobility 74
2.1.5.3 Mobile equipment 75
2.1.6 Traffic modelling 75
2.1.7 Frequency planning 79
2.1.8 Interoperability 80
2.1.9 Compatibility 82
2.1.10 Threat combating/electronic disturbance 86
2.1.11 Survivability 89
2.1.12 Integrated services system 90
2.2 System definition and architecture 90
2.2.1 System definition 91
2.2.2 Architecture 92
2.2.3 OSI reference model 93
2.2.3.1 OSI terminology 94
2.2.3.2 Network layer 95
2.2.3.3 Data link layer 96
2.2.3.4 Physical layer 96
2.2.4 Functional architecture 96
2.2.4.1 Physical medium 98
2.2.4.2 Physical layer—radio 98
2.2.4.3 Medium-access control sublayer (MAC) 99
2.2.4.4 Logical-link control (LLC) sublayer 104
2.2.4.5 Sublayer 3a 107
2.2.4.6 Sublayers 3b and 3c 108
2.2.5 System architecture 108
2.2.5.1 The mobile subnet 109
2.2.5.2 The mobile station 111
2.2.5.3 The base station 112
2.2.5.4 The infrastructure 115
2.2.6 Technical architecture 116
2.3 Mobility 117
2.3.1 Relocation to alternative base-station 118
2.3.2 Dynamic routing 118
2.3.3 Channel fluctuation 119
2.3.4 Handover 120
Contents vii
2.3.5 Mobility and user equipment 122
2.4 Switching in wireless networks 123
2.4.1 Circuit switching 124
2.4.2 Packet switching 125
2.4.3 Message switching 126
2.4.4 Packet switching in radio networks 126
2.5 Network security 127
2.5.1 Potential threats 127
2.5.2 Countermeasures 128
2.5.2.1 Interruption 128
2.5.2.2 Interception 129
2.5.2.3 Modification 130
2.5.2.4 Fabrication 130
2.5.2.5 Encryption strategies 131
References 131
Appendix 2. A A MAC protocol for circuit-switched systems 132
3 The operational environment 135
3.1 Environmental characteristics 135
3.1.1 Path loss 135
3.1.1.1 Operating frequency 140
3.1.1.2 The influence of the terrain and path-loss modelling 141
3.1.2 Channel imperfections 150
3.1.2.1 Slow fading 150
3.1.2.2 Multipath fading 150
3.2 The presence of noise and interference 157
3.3 User mobility 165
3.4 Characterisation of the channel 169
3.5 A designer's perspective 171
3.6 The balancing act 174
References 175
4 Radio transmission system 177
4.1 Transceiver description 177
4.1.1 Definition and performance characterisation 177
4.1.2 Radio architecture and functional units 182
4.1.2.1 Formatting and source coding 183
4.1.2.2 Encryption 184
4.1.2.3 Channel coding 184
4.1.2.4 Spread-spectrum signalling 185
4.2 Spread-spectrum techniques 186
4.2.1 Traditional spread spectrum 186
4.2.1.1 Time /frequency-domain coding 186
4.2.1.2 Principles of various spreading techniques 189
4.2.1.3 Frequency hopping against direct sequence 192
4.2.1.4 EMI aspects of spread spectrum modulation 194
4.2.2 Additional topics in military spread spectrum communication 199
4.2.2.1 Hybrid spread spectrum 199
4.2.2.2 Automatic channel selection (free channel search) 199
viii Contents
4.2.2.3 Narrowband spread spectrum 202
4.2.3 Spread spectrum in mobile radiocommunication 204
4.2.3.1 Antimultipath 204
4.2.3.2 Narrowband interference rejection 205
4.2.3.3 Code-division multiple-access (CDMA) 208
4.2.4 The role of spread spectrum in packet-switched radio networks 212
4.2.4.1 Capture 212
4.2.4.2 Carrier-sense multiple-access (CSMA) 214
4.3 Signal design 219
4.3.1 Introduction 219
4.3.2 Digital modulation 219
4.3.2.1 Continuous phase modulation 220
4.3.2.2 Minimum-shift keying 222
4.3.2.3 Gaussian minimum-shift keying 223
4.3.2.4 Implementation 224
4.3.3 m-ary direct-sequence spread spectrum 228
4.3.4 Coding for bandwidth spreading 232
4.3.5 Performance analysis 237
4.3.5.1 E/N and SNR relations 238
b 0
4.3.5.2 Error probabilities 240
4.4 Error control 244
4.4.1 Methods for reducing bit error rate 245
4.4.2 Concatenated coding techniques 251
4.4.3 Error coding in packet-switched radio networks 257
4.5 Technology forecast and new trends 259
4.5.1 Time-frequency analysis applied to radiocommunications 260
4.5.1.1 Fourier transform 260
4.5.1.2 The Gabor transform 264
4.5.1.3 Wavelets 267
4.5.1.4 Wavelet analysis 271
4.5.1.5 Wavelets applied in radiocommunications 273
4.5.2 Interference suppression in spread-spectrum systems 275
4.5.3 Higher-order spectral analysis 279
References 285
5 Packet switching in radio networks 287
5.1 Random-access techniques and network topology 289
5.2 The spatial distribution and capture models 297
5.3 Medium access control 310
5.3.1 Radio services and characteristics 311
5.3.2 Basic characteristics 313
5.3.3 Selecting the random access delay distribution 315
5.4 Logical link control 324
5.4.1 ARQprotocols 325
5.4.2 The characteristics of the SWIA protocol 330
5.4.3 Flow control 339
5.4.4 Flow control and network jamming 352
5.5 The hidden-node problem 360
5.6 Network layer 385
Contents ix
5.6.1 Relaying 385
5.6.2 Retransmission 389
5.6.3 Flow control 390
5.7 Routing 392
5.7.1 How to perform routing 398
5.7.1.1 Routing strategies 398
5.7.1.2 Route calculation metric 399
5.7.2 Evaluation of routing strategies 400
5.7.2.1 Scenario 401
5.7.2.2 Network dynamics 401
5.7.2.3 Performance measures 402
5.7.3 Routing information updating 403
5.7.4 Flooding 405
5.7.5 Hierarchical routing 406
5.7.6 Robust routing 406
References 407
Appendix 5. A Radio characteristics for multihop networks 409
A case study 413
6.1 The initial user requirements put forward 414
6.2 The designer's first reflections on the user requirements 415
6.2.1 Choice of operating frequency 415
6.2.2 Information needs 418
6.2.3 Operating conditions 420
6.2.4 Channel conditions 420
6.2.5 Radio design 424
6.3 Can the initial requirements be met? 438
6.3.1 From radio range to service area 440
6.4 The need for a design exercise 451
Index 453