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Sports Injury Prevention (Olympic Handbook Of Sports Medicine) PDF

248 Pages·2009·5.3 MB·English
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Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Sports Injury Prevention Sports Injury Prevention Edited by Roald Bahr and Lars Engebretsen © 2009 International Olympic Committee ISBN: 978-1-405-16244-9 Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Sports Injury Prevention EDITED BY Roald Bahr MD, PhD Department of Sports Medicine and Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Ullevål Stadion, Oslo, Norway Lars Engebretsen MD, PhD Orthopaedic Center Ullevaal University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Oslo, Norway Department of Sports Medicine and Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Ullevål Stadion Oslo, Norway A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition fi rst published 2009, © 2009 International Olympic Committee Published by Blackwell Publishing Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered offi ce: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offi ces: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks, or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. The contents of this work are intended to further general scientifi c research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specifi c method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifi cally disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warran- ties of fi tness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifi cations, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant fl ow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a poten- tial source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sports injury prevention : Olympic handbook of sports medicine / edited by Roald Bahr and Lars Engebretsen. p. ; cm. — (Handbook of sports medicine and science) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-6244-9 (alk. paper) 1. Sports injuries—Prevention—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Sports medicine— Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Bahr, Roald, 1957– II. Engebretsen, Lars, 1949– III. IOC Medical Commission. Sub-Commission on Publications in the Sport Sciences. IV. Series. [DNLM: 1. Athletic Injuries—prevention & control. 2. Sports Medicine—methods. QT 261 S76482 2009] RD97.S745 2009 617.1’027—dc22 2008039504 ISBN: 978-1-4051-6244-9 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company), Chennai, India Printed and bound in Malaysia by Vivar Printing Sdn Bhd. 1 2009 Contents List of Contributors, vi 8 Preventing low back pain 114 Foreword, viii Adad Baranto, Tor Inge Andersen and Preface, ix Leif Swärd 9 Preventing shoulder injuries 134 1 Why is injury prevention in sports Michael R. Krogsgaard, Marc R. Safran, important? 1 Peter Rheinlænder and Emilie Cheung Lars Engebretsen and Roald Bahr 10 Preventing elbow injuries 153 2 A systematic approach to sports Mark R. Hutchinson and James R. Andrews injury prevention 7 Willem Meeuwisse and Roald Bahr 11 Preventing injuries to the head and cervical spine 175 3 Developing and managing an injury Paul McCrory, Michael Turner and prevention program within the team 17 Andrew McIntosh Andrew McIntosh and Roald Bahr 12 Preventing tendon overuse injuries 187 4 Preventing ankle injuries 30 Jill Cook, Mads Kongsgaard, Jon Karlsson, Evert Verhagen, Karim Khan and Michael Kjær Bruce D. Beynnon and Annunziato Amendola 13 Implementing large-scale injury 5 Preventing knee injuries 49 prevention programs 197 Timothy E. Hewett, Bruce D. Beynnon, Randall W. Dick, Claude Goulet and Tron Krosshaug and Grethe Myklebust Simon Gianotti 6 Preventing hamstring injuries 72 14 Planning for major events 212 Geoffrey M. Verrall and Árni Árnason, Michael Turner and Jiri Dvorak Kim Bennell Index,228 7 Preventing groin injuries 91 Per Hölmich, Lorrie Maffey and Carolyn Emery v List of Contributors Annunziato Amendola MD Jill Cook PhD, B App Sci (Phty) Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Sports Medicine School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA University, Melbourne, Australia Tor Inge Andersen PT Randall W. Dick MS, MS National Center of Spinal Disorders, National Center Research/Injury Surveillance System National of Pain and Complex Disorders, Trandheim University Collegiate Athletic Association, Indianapolis, Hospital, St Olar, Norway IN, USA James R. Andrews, MD Jiri Dvorak MD Medical Director, American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Andrews Sports FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Center Medicine Institute, Gulf Breeze, FL, USA (F-MARC), Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland Árni Árnason PT, PhD Carolyn Emery BScPT, PhD Department of Physiotherapy, University of Iceland, Sport Medicine Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology; Reykjavik, Iceland Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Roald Bahr MD, PhD University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Lars Engebretsen MD, PhD Ullevål Stadion, Oslo, Norway Orthopaedic Center, Ullevaal University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Adad Baranto MD, PhD Department of Sports Medicine and Oslo Sports Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University, Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Göteborg, Sweden Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, Oslo, Norway Kim Bennell BAppSc (Physio), PhD Simon Gianotti BCA Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Institute of Sport and Recreation Research New School of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Zealand, Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Australia AUT, Auckland, New Zealand Bruce D. Beynnon PhD Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Claude Goulet PhD McClure Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Physical Education, Laval University, The University of Vermont, VT, USA Québec, Canada vi List of Contributors vii Timothy E. Hewett PhD Paul McCrory MBBS, PhD The Human Performance Laboratory, Departments Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, of Pediatrics, Orthopaedic Surgery, Biomedical University of Melbourne Parkville, Australia Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center, Cincinnati Children’s Andrew McIntosh PhD, MBiomedE, Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati BAppSci (PT) College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA School of Risk and Safety Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Per Hölmich MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Willem Meeuwisse MD, PhD Research Unit, Amager University Hospital, Professor and Chair, Copenhagen S, Denmark Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre Faculty of Kinesiology and Faculty of Medicine, Mark R. Hutchinson MD University of Calgary, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois at Alberta, Canada Chicago, IL, USA Grethe Myklebust PT, PhD Jon Karlsson MD, PhD Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School Professor of Sports Traumatology, Department of of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Peter Rhein legature Göteborg, Sweden Clinic for Physiotherapy, Frederiksberg, Denmark Karim Khan MD, PhD Marc R. Safran MD Professor, Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada University, Stanford, CA, USA Michael Kjær MD, DMSci Leif Swärd MD, PhD Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Sports Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University, Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Göteborg, Sweden Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Michael R. Krogsgaard, MD, PhD, Michael Turner MBBS, MD Chief Medical Adviser, The British Associate Professor, specialist in Orthopaedic Horseracing Authority and Lawn Surgery Tennis Association; formerly CMA to Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen British Olympic Association and University Hospital Bispebjerg, Denmark Snowsport, UK Tron Krosshaug PhD Evert Verhagen Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMG of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Lorrie Maffey BMRPT, Dip Faculty of Kinesiology; Community Health Sciences, Geoffrey M. Verrall MBBS Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Sports Medicine Clinic, Adelaide, Australia Alberta, Canada Foreword The objective established in 1991 by the IOC of injuries and their prevention became one of the Medical Commission for the Handbook series was focuses of the Medical Commission and the Medical the presentation in a clear style and format of and Scientifi c Department of the IOC. basic clinical and scientifi c information regarding The principal objective of this Handbook on the sports of the Olympic Summer Games and the Sports Injury Prevention is a comprehensive review Olympic Winter Games. Each of the handbooks of the information currently available regarding that have been published during the intervening the identifi cation of the risk factors for specifi c years was developed by a team of authorities coor- injuries in each sport, the understanding of the dinated by editors who had earned international injury mechanisms, the appropriate condition- respect and recognition in the areas of sports med- ing of athletes for the particular sport, and the risk icine and the sport sciences. management appropriate to each activity. Since the appearance of the fi rst publication, The Handbook on Sports Injury Prevention handbooks have appeared that have dealt with constitutes the most comprehensive review of 10 Olympic sports as well as the general top- the preclusion of the occurrence of injuries pres- ics of strength training and nutrition for ath- ently available and each section presents highly letes. Sections dealing with sports injuries have practical information based on published science. appeared throughout these handbooks. Two vol- We welcome this splendid contribution by Roald umes of the other IOC Medical Commission series, Bahr, MD, PhD, Lars Engebretsen, MD, PhD, and Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine, have been 36 contributing authors to the literature of sports devoted completely to injuries in sport. medicine and sports science. The protection of the health of the athletes is one of the IOC’s priorities. Therefore, the understanding viii Preface In sports, injuries happen. Sometimes they happen tive programs. Chapter 3 describes how an injury by chance, sometimes by intent. Sometimes they prevention program can be developed and imple- are diffi cult, even impossible, to explain. But fre- mented within the team. In this context, a team quently there are clear patterns. And when there can also mean a team of athletes competing in are patterns, there are also opportunities for reduc- individual sports, such as a team of alpine skiers. ing the risk of injury. One choice we faced when planning this book, The objective of this book is to describe those was whether to organize the contents per sport opportunities – for the benefi t of everyone playing or per body part/injury type. One advantage sports. Although it may be expected that the main of describing sports-specifi c programs is that it readership will be physicians, trainers and physical would be possible to detail measures particular to therapists working with sports teams, the coach- that sport, for example equipment-related meas- ing staff is an even more important target group. ures such as alpine ski bindings. However, partly And although it is assumed that the reader has a because some such information is available already basic knowledge of human anatomy and physiol- (e.g. vol. V of the Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine ogy, ultimately the main audience is of course the series: Clinical Practice of Sports Injury Prevention athlete. With these target groups in mind, we have and Care, ed. P.A.F.H. Renström), we felt that a attempted to create a work that is at once com- region-specifi c approach would be more appro- prehensive in approach, practical in content, and priate. Chapters 4 through 12 therefore describes accessible in delivery. how the most common sports injury types can Our intention is to describe a practical approach be prevented; ankle, knee, hamstring, groin, low to the prevention of sports injuries. The fi rst three back, shoulder, elbow, head and cervical spine chapters describe the general principles of injury injuries. The fi nal two chapters discusses how prevention. Chapter 1 discusses why injury preven- tendon overuse injuries, which represent a major tion in sports is important, including perspectives problem across sports and body region, can be pre- on short- and long term consequences for health vented (ch. 12) and how large-scale injury preven- and performance. Chapter 2 describes the basis tion programs can be implemented (ch. 13). for intervention, how information on risk factors Each of the region-specifi c chapters includes an and injury mechanisms can be used to identify introduction outlining how relevant each injury patterns. Such patterns can be used to identify type is in each of the main Olympic sports. In con- athletes with a higher risk for injury or situations trast to previous works on sports injury epidemiol- with a propensity for injury; information which ogy, we have attempted to keep this section brief is critical to be able to target and develop preven- and to the point, answering the key questions: ix x Preface How common is the injury in question? What is section of each of these chapters is the section on the risk – in my sport? The next section attempts prevention methods. This section discusses pos- to describe the key risk factors for the injury in sible ways to prevent the injury in question, and question – how to identify athletes at risk. This although these may be relevant across sports, the includes a description of the various internal and text provides examples from sports where injury external risk factors suggested for the injury in prevention has been successful. We have tried to question, emphasizing modifi able risk factors and make this section as practical as possible, with how the coach/medical team can identify play- examples of take-home ready-to-use programs ers at risk of injury. In some cases, simple tests or wherever possible, complete with illustrations of screening methods which can be applied to a team exercises used. setting are described. This section is followed by a This book is the fi rst of its kind. Never before has description of the typical injury mechanisms for anyone attempted to provide a guide to injury pre- the injury in question, not just the biomechan- vention – to be applied across different sports. This ics of injury, but also the circumstances leading to represents a signifi cant challenge, since there is no injury, such as player behavior, opponent behav- model available to guide us in the development ior, the playing situation, or other relevant factors. of the contents. We wish to thank the authors, We have also asked all authors to provide a section who have worked hard to not just provide an up- identifying risks in the training and competition to-date description of injury prevention methods program, a risk analysis to document the parts of relevant to their region and injury type, but also the season when athletes are at the greatest risk to develop a text consistent in content and format for sustaining injuries as a result of the training or across the various chapters. If we have succeeded, competitive programs. For some injury types, this the credit belongs to this group of dedicated pro- type of analysis could be an important basis for fessionals. If not, the responsibility is ours. planning preventive measures, particularly for the purpose of avoiding overuse injuries during tran- Oslo, September 2008 sitional periods. The fi nal – and most important – Roald Bahr & Lars Engebretsen

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