Sports in society : issues and controversies

673 Pages·2021·45.999 MB·English

by  Jay J. Coakley

SPORTS IN SOCIETY
coa40665_fm_i-xvii.indd 1 2/4/20 6:58 PM
This page intentionally left blank
coa40665_fm_i-xvii.indd 2 2/4/20 6:58 PM
SPORTS IN SOCIETY
Issues and Controversies
THIRTEENTH EDITION
Jay Coakley, Ph.D.
University of Colorado
Colorado Springs
coa40665_fm_i-xvii.indd 3 2/4/20 6:58 PM
SPORTS IN SOCIETY
Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10121. Copyright ©2021 by
McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may
be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without
the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic
storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LCR 24 23 22 21 20
ISBN 978-1-260-57140-0
MHID 1-260-57140-8
Cover Image: “HIGH ASPIRATIONS” Copyright © 1972 Ernie Barnes Family Trust
All credits appearing on page are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does
not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC does not guarantee the
accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
mheducation.com/highered
coa71408_ISE_iv.indd 4 2/4/20 8:01 PM
To Nancy Coakley who has supported me
and this project since 1975 and provided
substantial assistance and critique for
each of the thirteen editions. As a life
partner and co-parent, she has
always been irreplaceable.
coa40665_fm_i-xvii.indd 5 2/4/20 6:58 PM
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Jay Coakley is a Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University
of Colorado in Colorado Springs. He received a Ph.D. in sociol-
ogy at the University of Notre Dame and has since taught and
done research on play, games, and sports, among other topics in
sociology. Dr. Coakley has received many teaching, service, and
professional awards, and is an internationally respected scholar,
author, and journal editor. In 2007 the Institute for International
Sport selected him as one of the 100 Most Influential Sports
Educators, and the University of Chichester in West Sussex,
England awarded him an Honorary Fellowship in recognition
of his outstanding leadership in the sociology of sport; in 2009,
the National Association for Sport and Physical Education
inducted Coakley into its Hall of Fame; and in 2015 he was
named an Honorary Member of the International Sociology of
Sport Association.
Coakley continues to use concepts, research, and theories
in sociology to critically examine social phenomena and pro-
mote changes that make social worlds more democratic and
humane. He currently lives in Fort Collins, Colorado with his
Jay Coakley wife, Nancy.
vi
coa40665_fm_i-xvii.indd 6 2/4/20 6:58 PM
ABOUT THE COVER ARTIST
Artist Ernie Barnes was born July 15, 1938, in Durham, North Carolina
during the height of the Jim Crow Era. He lived in a section of the city called
“The Bottom” with his parents and younger brother, James. His father, Ernest
Barnes, Sr. was a shipping clerk for Liggett & Myers tobacco company. His
mother, Fannie Geer, supervised the household for a prominent attorney who
shared his extensive art book collection with the young Barnes so by elemen-
tary school, Barnes was already familiar with the Master painters.
Bullied as a child for his shyness and sensitivity, Barnes found solace in
drawing. In his freshman year, a weightlifting coach put Barnes on a fitness program. By his senior year at
Hillside High School, Barnes was captain of the football team and state champion in the shot put.
Barnes earned a full athletic scholarship to North Carolina College (now North Carolina Central Univer-
sity) and majored in art, where his art instructor, sculptor Ed Wilson, encouraged Barnes to create images
from his own life experiences.
Barnes only attended segregated schools. In 1960, he was one of 30 African-Americans drafted into the
National Football League—one of nine players selected that year from a Historically Black College and Uni-
versity. For five seasons, Barnes was an offensive lineman for the New York Titans, San Diego Chargers and
Denver Broncos. In 1965 New York Jets owner Sonny Werblin paid Barnes a season’s salary “to paint” and
sponsored the first Ernie Barnes art exhibition in a prestigious New York City gallery. After the success of the
show, at age 28, Barnes settled in Los Angeles, California.
Barnes is the first American professional athlete to become a noted painter. From his sports experience
and the study of anatomy, Barnes’ unique style of elongation captures the movement, energy, and grace of
his subjects. This earned him numerous appointments, including “Sports Artist of the 1984 Olympic Games”
in Los Angeles and “America’s Best Painter of Sports” by the American Sport Art Museum & Archives. He
was commissioned to paint artwork for the National Basketball Association, Los Angeles Lakers, Carolina
Panthers, New Orleans Saints, Oakland Raiders, educational institutions, corporations, musicians, celebrities
and professional athletes. Barnes’ beloved painting, “The Bench,” that he created before his rookie season, was
presented to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2014.
In pop culture, the art of Ernie Barnes appears in television, movies and music album covers, including his
famous dance hall scene, “The Sugar Shack.” His pride of North Carolina also is evident in his images of pool halls,
barbershops, porch ladies, church, street singers, sandlot games and other memories of growing up in the South.
Barnes died on April 27, 2009. He is survived by his wife Bernie and his five children, Deidre, Michael,
Sean, Erin, and Paige.
This is the eighth consecutive cover of Sports in Society that presents the art of Ernie Barnes. He spoke to
students regularly, bringing his work to show that art, sport, and academic learning could come together in
their lives.
For more information, please visit his official website: www.ErnieBarnes.com. My thanks go to Ernie’s
longtime personal assistant, Luz Rodriguez, and his family for sharing High Aspirations for this edition of
Sports in Society.
vii
coa40665_fm_i-xvii.indd 7 2/13/20 11:41 AM
CONTENTS
Preface  xi
Changing or Ending Sport Participation 58
Participation in Sports: What Happens? 66
1
 The Sociology of Sports: What Is It and Socialization as a Community and Cultural Process 73
Why Study It? 2 Summary: Who Plays and What Happens to Them? 76
References 78
About this Book 4
About this Chapter 4
4
Using Sociology to Study Sports 4  Organized Youth Sports: Whose Interests
Defining Sports 6 Do They Serve? 82
What Is the Sociology of Sport? 10
The Origins of Organized Youth Sports 85
Why Study Sports in Society? 13
Three Models of Organized Youth Sport Programs  88
Summary: Why Study the Sociology of Sport? 20
Summary: Are Organized Programs Worth
References 22 the Effort?  110
References 113
2
 Producing Knowledge About Sports in
5
Society: How Is Knowledge Produced  Deviance in Sports: Is It Out
in the Sociology of Sport? 26 of Control? 120
Producing Knowledge in the Sociology of Sport 28 Defining and Studying Deviance in Sports 122
Doing Research and Using Theory in the Sociology of Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance
Sport: A Case Study 29 in Sports 122
The Impact of Sociology of Sport Knowledge 44 Research on Deviance in Sports 132
Using a Critical Approach to Produce Knowledge 45 Performance-Enhancing Substances: A Case Study
Summary: How Is Knowledge Produced in the of Deviant Overconformity 140
Sociology of Sport? 46 Summary: Is Deviance in Sports Out of Control? 149
References 48 References 152
3 6
 Sports And Socialization: Who Plays  Violence in Sports: Who Suffers
and What Happens to Them? 50 the Consequences 158
What Is Socialization? 52 What Is Violence? 160
Becoming and Staying Involved in Sports 53 Violence in Sports Throughout History 161
viii
coa40665_fm_i-xvii.indd 8 2/4/20 6:58 PM
Contents ix
Violence on the Field 162 9
 Social Class: Do Money and Power
Violence off the Field 172
Matter in Sports? 294
Violence Among Spectators 177
Social Class and Class Relations 296
Terrorism: Planned Political Violence at Sports
Events 184 Sports and Economic Inequality 297
Summary: Does Violence in Sports Affect our Social Class and Sport Participation Patterns 302
Lives? 187 Global Inequalities and Sports 313
References 189 Economic and Career Opportunities in Sports 315
Sport Participation and Occupational Careers
7 Among Former Athletes 320
 Gender and Sports: Is Equity
Summary: Do Money and Power Matter
Possible? 196
in Sports? 324
Cultural Origins of Gender Inequities 198 References 326
Orthodox Gender Ideology and Sports 202
Mainstream Sports Reaffirm Orthodox Gender 10
  Age and Ability: Barriers to
Ideology 207
Participation and Inclusion? 332
Progress Toward Gender Equity 213
Gender Inequities Remain 217 What Counts as Ability? 334
Barriers to Equity 226 Constructing the Meaning of Age 338
Gender Equity and Sexuality 229 Constructing the Meaning of Ability 345
Strategies to Achieve Equity 234 Sports and Ability 354
Summary: Is Equity Possible? 238 Disability Sports 358
References 240 Technology and Ability 365
Summary: Are Age and Ability Barriers
to Participation? 369
8
 Race and Ethnicity: Are They Important
References 372
in Sports? 248
Defining Race and Ethnicity 250 11
  Sports and the Economy: What are
Creating Race and Racial Ideologies 251
the Characteristics of Commercial
Sports Participation Among Ethnic Minorities
Sports? 378
in the United States 264
Race, Ethnicity, and Sport in a Global Emergence and Growth of Commercial Sports 380
Perspective 277 Commercialization and Changes in Sports 389
The Dynamics of Racial and Ethnic Relations The Organization of Professional Sports
in Sports 280 in North America 396
Summary: Are Race and Ethnicity Important The Organization of Amateur Sports
in Sports? 284 in North America 403
References 286 Legal Status and Incomes of Athletes
in Commercial Sports 404
coa40665_fm_i-xvii.indd 9 2/4/20 6:58 PM