Sports Endocrinology

483 Pages·2000·12.009 MB·English

by  Mark S. Tremblay PhD, Samuel Y. Chu PhD (auth.), Michelle P. Warren MD, Naama W. Constantini MD (eds.)

SPORTS ENDOCRINOLOGY
CONTEMPORARY ENDOCRINOLOGY
P. Michael Conn,
SERIES EDITOR
23. Sports Endocrinology, edited by MICHELLE P. WARREN
AND NAAMA W. CONSTANTINI, 2000
22. Gene Engineering in Endocrinology, edited by MARGARET A. SHUPNIK, 2000
21. Hormones and the Heart in Health and Disease, edited by LEONARD SHARE, 1999
20. Endocrinology ofA ging, edited by JOHN E. MORLEY AND LUCRETIA VAN DEN BERG,
1999
19. Human Growth Hormone: Research and Clinical Practice, edited by
Roy G. SMITH AND MICHAEL 0. THORNER, 1999
18. Menopause: Endocrinology and Management, edited by DAVID B. SEIFER AND
ELIZABETH A. KENNARD, 1999
17. The IGF System: Molecular Biology, Physiology, and Clinical Applications,
edited by RON G. ROSENFELD AND CHARLES ROBERTS, 1999
16. Neurosteroids: A New Regulatory Function in the Nervous System, edited by
ETIENNE-EMILE BAULlEU, PAUL ROBEL, AND MICHAEL SCHUMACHER, 1999
15. Autoimmune Endocrinopathies, edited by ROBERT VOLPE, 1999
14. Hormone Resistance Syndromes, edited by J. LARRY JAMESON, 1999
13. Hormone Replacement Therapy, edited by A. WAYNE MEIKLE, 1999
12. Insulin Resistance: The Metabolic Syndrome X, edited by GERALD M REAVEN
AND AMI LAWS, 1999
11. Endocrinology ofB reast Cancer, edited by ANDREA MANNI, 1999
10. Molecular and Cellular Pediatric Endocrinology, edited by STUART HANDWERGER,
1999
9. The Endocrinology ofP regnancy, edited by FULLER W BAZER, 1998
8. Gastrointestinal Endocrinology, edited by GEORGE H. GREELEY, 1998
7. Clinical Management ofD iabetic Neuropathy, edited by ARISTIDIS VEVES, 1998
6. G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Disease, edited by ALLEN M SPIEGEL, 1997
5. Natriuretic Peptides in Health and Disease, edited by WILLIS K. SAMSON
AND ELLIS R. LEVIN, 1997
4. Endocrinology of Critical Diseases, edited by K. Patrick Ober, 1997
3. Diseases of the Pituitary: Diagnosis and Treatment, edited by
Margaret E. Wierman, 1997
2. Diseases of the Thyroid, edited by Lewis E. Braverman, 1997
1. Endocrinology of the Vasculature, edited by James R. Sowers, 1996
SPORTS
END
0 CRINOWGY
Edited by
P.
MICHELLE WARREN, MD
Columbia University College ofP hysicians
and Surgeons, New York, NY
and
NAAMA W.
CONSTANTINI, MD
Ribstein Center for Sport Medicine Sciences
and Research, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
ISBN 978-1-61737-085-4 ISBN 978-1-59259-016-2 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-59259-016-2
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Humana Press Inc. in 2000
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2000
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PREFACE
Since the observation in the 19th century that an extract of the suprarenal bodies
injected into the circulation caused a rise in blood pressure, the endocrine system has
become a major component in our understanding ofh uman physiology. The introduction
of radioimmunoassay techniques and the ability to measure minimal amounts of hor
mones (a term derived from the Greek "to excite") have shown that acute exercise causes
a release of a large number of hormones and that chronic exercise may further lead to
long-term alterations in endocrine homeostasis. Actually, almost every organ and system
in the body is affected by physical activity and exercise, much of it through the endocrine
and neuroendocrine system.
Investigation ofthe effect ofa cute or chronic physical activity on the endocrine system
is a complex matter since the stimulus called "exercise" has many components, such as
mode, intensity, duration, and others. In addition, several other factors, such as age,
gender, training status, body temperature, circadian rhythm, metabolic state, menstrual
cycle, and various external conditions as well as psychological factors, can modify the
effect of physical activity on hormonal secretion. Moreover, the physiol9gical stimulus
of exercise often provokes several and parallel cascades of biochemical and endocrine
changes. It is therefore often extremely difficult to distinguish between primary and
secondary events and between cause and effect. These limitations will be discussed in
Chapter 1.
In this volume we have tried to cover the various hormonal pathways that are known
to be altered by exercise and how these changes affect different organs and systems oft he
body. Other subjects are the hormonal regulation off luid homeostasis, substrate metabo
lism, and energy balance. A substantial part of the book is devoted to the exercising
female in view of certain unique features, e.g. menstrual cycle, use of contraceptives,
pregnancy, menopause, and others. Another important issue is the effect of exercise on
puberty and growth. Although investigated for many years, it would be premature to draw
final conclusions regarding the precise amount of exercise needed to achieve positive
effects without compromising growth and puberty. Exercise has also been observed in
altering mood. The role of hormones in the development of "exercise euphoria" is dis
cussed in a separate chapter.
The final chapter will not deal with the effect of physical activity on the endocrine
system, but rather with its opposite: the effect of exogenous hormones on performance.
Unfortunately, the manipulation of physiological stimuli by the use of hormones has
become common practice at all levels of sport, from fitness rooms to elite world events.
The International Olympic Committee is engaged in what seems to be a lost battle against
the increasing sophistication of the use of hormones, such as anabolic steroids, hGH,
HGC, and EPO to enhance performance.
The editors hope that this volume will not only reflect the present state of our knowl
edge, but also stimulate further study.
Michelle P. Warren, MD
Naama W. Constantini, MD
v
CONTENTS
Preface ......................................................................................................... .
List of Contributors .................................................................................... .
1 Honnonal Response to Exercise:
Methodological Considerations ................................................... 1
Mark S. Tremblay and Samuel Y. Chu
2 Exercise and Endogenous Opiates .................................................. 31
Tim Meyer, Lothar Schwarz, and Wilfried Kindermann
3 The Effect of Exercise on the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-
Adrenal Axis ............................................................................... 43
Gary Wittert
4 Impact of Chronic Training on Pituitary Honnone Secretion
in the Human ............................................................................... 57
Johannes D. Veldhuis and Kohji Yoshida
5 Exercise and the Growth Honnone--Insulin-Like
Growth Factor-1 Axis ................................................................. 77
Alon Eliakim, Jo Anne Brasel, and Dan M. Cooper
6 Thyroid Function and Exercise ...................................................... 97
Victor J. Bernet and Leonard Wartofsky
7 The Male Reproductive System, Exercise, and Training ............ 119
David C. Cumming
8 Exercise and the Hypothalamus: Ovulatory Adaptions ............... 133
Moira A. Petit and Jerilynn C. Prior
9 Exercise Training in the Nonnal Female:
Effects ofE xercise Stress and Energy Availablility
on Metabolic Hormones and LH Pulsatility ............................ 165
Anne B. Loucks
10 Adrenergic Regulation of Energy Metabolism ............................ 181
Michael Kjeer and Kai Lange
11 Energy Balance and Weight Control:
Endocrine Considerations ........................................................ 189
Gilbert W. Gleim and Beth W. Glace
12 Honnonal Regulation of Fluid Homeostasis During
and Following Exercise ............................................................ 207
Charles E. Wade
13 Diabetes and Exercise ................................................................... 227
Stephen H. Schneider and Pushpinder S. Guleria
VII
viii Contents
14 Hormonal Regulations of the Effects of Exercise on Bone:
Postive and Negative Effects .................................................... 239
Philip D. Chilibeck
15 The Role of Exercise in the Attainment of Peak Bone Mass
and Bone Strength .................................................................... 253
Shona L. Bass and Kathryn H. Myburgh
16 Interrelationships Between Acute and Chronic Exercise
and the Immune and Endocrine Systems ................................. 281
Valeria M Natale and Roy J. Shephard
17 Exercise and the Developing Child:
Endocrine Considerations ........................................................ 303
Sita M. Sundaresan, James N Roemmich, and Alan D. Rogol
18 Exercise and the Female Reproductive System:
The Effect ofH ormonal Status on Performance ...................... 321
David M. Quadagno
19 Exercise and Pregnancy: Hormonal Considerations ................... 335
Fred K. Lotgering
20 The Endocrine System in Overtraining ........................................ 347
Axel Urhausen and Wilfried Kindermann
21 The Effects of Altitude on the Hormonal Responses
to Exercise ................................................................................ 371
Roland J. M. Favier
22 Exercise, Circadian Rhythms, and Hormones .............................. 391
Thomas Reilly, Greg Atkinson, and Jim Waterhouse
23 Physical Activity and Mood: The Endocrine Connection ........... 421
Gal Dubnov and Elliot M. Berry
24 Hormones as Performance-Enhancing Drugs .............................. 433
Mark Myhal and David R. Lamb
Index ....................................................................................................... 477
CONTRIBUTORS
GREG ATKINSON· Research Institutefor Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John
Moores University, Liverpool, UK .
SHONA 1. BASS • School ofH ealth Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
VICTOR J. BERNET, MD· Endocrinology and Metabolic Service, Walter Reed Army Medical
Center, Washington, DC .
ELLIOT M. BERRY, MD, FRCPS • Department ofH uman Nutrition and Metabolism, Hadassah
Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Jo ANNE BRASEL, MD· Division ofE ndocrinology and Metabolism, Harbor-UCLA
Medical Center, Torrance, CA
PHILIP D. CHILIBECK, PHD • College ofP hysical Education, University ofS askatchewan,
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
SAMUEL Y. CHU, PHD· Biochemistry Department, Dr. Everett Chalmers Hospital,
Fredericton, NB, Canada
NAAMA W. CONSTANTINI, MD· Ribstein Center for Sport Medicine Sciences and Research,
Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
DAN M. COOPER, MD • Department ofP ediatrics, UCI Medical Center, Orange, CA
DAVID C. CUMMING, MBCHB, FRCSC· Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
University ofA lberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
GAL DUBNOV, MD, Msc • Department ofH uman Nutrition and Metabolism, Hadassah
Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
ALON ELIAKIM, MD • Department ofP ediatrics, Meir Hospital, Kfar-Saba, Israel, and
Ribstein Center for Sport Medicine Sciences and Research, Wingate Institute, Netanya,
Israel
ROLAND J. M. FAVIER, DR. ES SCI • Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculte de Medecine,
Lyon, France
BETH W. GLACE, MS· Nicholas Institute ofS ports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox
Hill Hospital, New York, NY
GILBERT W. GLEIM, PHD· Nicholas Institute ofS ports Medicine and Athletic Trauma,
Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY
PUSH PINDER S. GULERIA, MD • Department ofE ndocrinology, University ofM edicine and Den
tistry ofN ew Jersey and Robert Wood Johnson Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ
WILFRIED KINDERMANN, MD, PHD • Institute ofS ports and Preventive Medicine, Department
of Clinical Medicine, University ofS aarland, Saarbrucken, Germany
MICHAEL KrIER, MD, PHD· Sports Medicine Research Unit, Department ofR heumatology,
Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
DAVID R. LAMB, PHD· School ofP hysical Activity and Educational Services, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH
KAI LANGE • Sports Medicine Research Unit, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg
Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
FREDERIK K. LOTGERING, MD, PHD • Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus
University and Academic Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
ANNE B. LOUCKS, PHD· Department ofB iological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH
TIM MEYER, MD, PHD • Department of ClinicalMedicine, Institute ofS ports and Preventive
Medicine, University ofS aarland, Saarbrucken, Germany
ix
x Contributors
KATHRYN H. MYBURGH, PHD· Department oJHuman and Animal Physiology,
University oJStellenbosch, Mastieland, South AJrica
MARK MYHAL , PHD • School ojP hysical Activity and Educational Services, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH
VALERIA M. NATALE, MD· Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da
Universidade de Siio Paulo, Brazil
MOIRA A. PETIT, BA, MS • School ojH uman Kinetics, University oj British Columbia, Van
couver, BC, Canada
JERIL YNN C. PRIOR, MA, MD, FRCPC • Division ojE ndocrinology, Department oj
Medicine, University ojB ritish Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
DAVID QUADAGNO, PHD • Department ojB iological Science, Florida State University,
Tallahassee, FL
THOMAS REILLY· Research Institute Jor Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John
Moores University, Liverpool, UK
JAMES N. ROEMMICH, PHD • Department ojP ediatrics, Division oj Endocrinology,
University oJ Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA
ALAN D. ROGOL, MD, PHD· Department ojP ediatrics, Division ojE ndocrinology
and Department ojP harmacology, University oj Virginia Health Sciences Center,
Charlottesville, VA
STEPHEN H. SCHNEIDER, MD • Department ojE ndocrinology, University ojM edicine and
Dentistry ojN ew Jersey and Robert Wood Johnson Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ
LOTHAR SCHWARZ· Institute oJSports and Preventive Medicine, University oJSaarland,
Saarbriicken, Germany
Roy 1. SHEPHARD, MD, PHD, OPE • Department ojA pplied Physiology,
Faculty oJPhysical Education and Health, University oJToronto, ON, Canada;
DeJence and Civil Institute oj Environmental Medicine, North York, ON, Canada;
and Health Sciences Program, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
SITA M. SUNDARESAN, BA • Department ojP ediatrics, Division ojE ndocrinology,
University oj Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA
MARK TREMBLAY, PHD· Faculty oJKinesiology, University oJNew Brunswick,
Fredericton, NB, Canada
AXEL URHAUSEN, MD, PHD· Institute oJSports and Preventive Medicine, Department
oj Clinical Medicine, University ojS aarland, Saarbriicken, Germany
JOHANNES VELDHUIS, MD • Division ojE ndocrinology and Metabolism, Department
ojI nternal Medicine, University oj Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville,
VA
CHARLES E. WADE, PHD· Life Sciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett
Field, CA
MICHELLE P. WARREN, MD • Columbia University College ojP hysicians and Surgeons,
New York, NY
LEONARD WARTOFSKY, MD • Department ojM edicine, Washington Hospital Center, Wash
ington, DC
JIM WATERHOUSE • Research Institute Jor Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John
Moores University, Liverpool, UK
GARY WITTERT, MD, FRACP • Department ojM edicine, University ojA delaide
and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
KOHJI YOSHIDA· Department oj Obstetrics and Gynecology, University
oj Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
1
Hormonal Response to Exercise
Methodological Considerations
Mark S. Tremblay,
PHD
and Samuel Y. Chu,
PHD
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SOURCES OF VARIATION
SUBJECT PROFILE
STANDARDIZED CONDITIONS
SPECIMEN COLLECTION
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE
EXERCISE VARIABLES
SECULAR TRENDS AND EVOLUTION
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
The importance of hormones in regulating physiological functions and processes has
intrigued scientists since they were first characterized by Baylis and Starling in 1904
( 1). Research advances in endocrinology have led to an improved understanding of the
intricate and diverse functions of the endocrine system. In addition, advances in technol
ogy and analytical procedures have facilitated the convenience and accuracy of hormone
measurements. These advancements have facilitated the proliferation of endocrine
research in exercise and sport science over the past 30 years (Fig. 1). This relative explo
sion in research related to exercise endocrinology has contributed greatly to the under
standing of the physiological consequences of exercise and physical training.
Nevertheless, the emerging research is often inconsistent, contradictory, and difficult to
interpret. In some cases, research discrepancies may be explained by methodological or
analytical inconsistencies.
From: Contemporary Endocrinology: Sports Endocrinology
Edited by: M. P. Warren and N. W. Constantini © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
1