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A persuasive and important challenge to current thinking on sports diplomacy. Stuart Murray’s book is path-b reaking and draws upon a breadth of interactions with governments, diplomats and the world of sport. For those who question and acknowledge the role of sport in making the politics of the possible, possible this is a significant and timely tour de force. The author is arguably one of the world’s leading authorities on sports diplomacy and this recent endeavour is a must read for those working in politics, cultural relations and sport. Professor Grant Jarvie, Chair of Sport, University of Edinburgh, Scotland Stuart Murray has succeeded in producing a thoughtful and comprehensive study of the relationships between sport and diplomacy. He ranges from the traditional to the contemporary in a story which he tells with clarity, originality and good humour. This will be an indispensable title for anyone interested in how the worlds of diplomacy and sport use, and are used by, each other. Professor Paul Sharp, Head of Political Science, University of Minnesota Duluth, USA This book provides a lively, engaging and much needed account of the deep and enduring relationship between sport and diplomacy. Stuart Murray provides analytical clarity and insights from the field to highlight the potential and pitfalls of “sport diplomacy” as a tool for bringing people and communities together. In doing so, he reminds us of the value of innovation in diplomacy, particularly for today’s ever- changing world. An important piece of interdisciplinary scholarship, this book will be of great interest to diplomats, scholars and sportspeople alike. Professor Caitlin Byrne, Director, Griffith Asia Institute, Australia Stuart Murray’s groundbreaking book opens another societal dimension to the practice of diplomacy. Sports diplomacy as humanist endeavour provides a uni- versal, unifying and peaceful impact on transnational communities. It adds a vivid tool to the diversity of diplomacy and strengthens the attraction towards its enlarging epistemic community. Ambassador (ret.) Wilfried Bolewski, Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, Sciences Po Paris, France Stuart Murray’s tome is an important, timely and thorough contribution to both the theory and practice of Sports Diplomacy. An impressive example of interdisciplinary scholarship, this book covers most aspects of the fascinating, storied and complex relationships between sport, diplomacy and human societies. Dr. Simon Rofe, Global Diplomacy Programme Director, SOAS, University of London, UK Sports Diplomacy This book offers an accessible overview of the role sport plays in international relations and diplomacy. Sports diplomacy has previously been defined as an old but under- studied aspect of the estranged relations between peoples, nations and states. These days, it is better understood as the conscious, strategic and ongoing use of sport, sports people and sporting events by state and non- state actors to advance policy, trade, development, education, image, reputation, brand and people- to-people links. In order to better understand the many occasions where sport and diplomacy overlap, this book presents four new, interdisciplinary and theoretical categories of sports diplomacy: traditional, ‘new’, sport-a s-diplomacy, and sports anti- diplomacy. These categories are further validated by a large number of case studies, ranging from the Ancient Olympiad to the recent appearance of esoteric, government sports diplomacy strategies, and beyond, to the activities of non- state sporting actors such as F.C. Barcelona, Colin Kaepernick and the digital world of e- sports. As a result, the landscape of sports diplomacy becomes clearer, as do the pitfalls and limitations of using sport as a diplomatic tool. This book will be of much interest to students of diplomacy, foreign policy, sports studies and International Relations in general. Stuart Murray is an Associate Professor at Bond University, Australia. He is also a Fellow of the Academy of Sport at Edinburgh University, UK and Associ- ate Editor of the journal Diplomacy & Foreign Policy. Routledge New Diplomacy Studies Series Editors: Corneliu Bjola University of Oxford and Markus Kornprobst Diplomatic Academy of Vienna This series publishes theoretically challenging and empirically authoritative studies of the traditions, functions, paradigms and institutions of modern diplomacy. Taking a comparative approach, the New Diplomacy Studies series aims to advance research on international diplomacy, publishing innovative accounts of how ‘old’ and ‘new’ diplomats help steer international conduct between anarchy and hegemony, handle demands for international stability versus international justice, facilitate transitions between international orders, and address global governance challenges. Dedicated to the exchange of different scholarly perspectives, the series aims to be a forum for inter- paradigm and interdisciplinary debates, and an opportunity for dialogue between scholars and practitioners. Chinese Public Diplomacy The Rise of the Confucius Institute Falk Hartig Gender and Diplomacy Edited by Jennifer A. Cassidy Secret Diplomacy Concepts, Contexts and Cases Edited by Corneliu Bjola and Stuart Murray Diplomatic Cultures and International Politics Translations, Spaces and Alternatives Edited by Jason Dittmer and Fiona McConnell Sports Diplomacy Origins, Theory and Practice Stuart Murray For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ Routledge-N ew-Diplomacy-S tudies/book- series/RNDS Sports Diplomacy Origins, Theory and Practice Stuart Murray First published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Stuart Murray The right of Stuart Murray to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-i n-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing- in-Publication Data Names: Murray, Stuart, author. Title: Sports diplomacy : origins, theory and practice / Stuart Murray. Description: First edition. | Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge new diplomacy studies | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2018005793 | ISBN 9780815356905 (hardback) | ISBN 0815356900 (hardback) | ISBN 9781351126960 (ebook) | ISBN 1351126962 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Sports and state–History. | Diplomacy–Social aspects. | International relations–Social aspects. Classification: LCC GV706.35 .M86 2018 | DDC 306.4/83–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018005793 ISBN: 978-0-8153-5690-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-351-12696-0 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear For Cammy Murray, the ultimate sportsman and diplomat Contents Acknowledgements xii Introduction 1 Framing sports diplomacy 1 Re- conceptualising sports diplomacy: towards a new, quadripartite framework 6 Aims, theory and parameters 8 Let the games begin 9 PART I Sport, diplomacy and traditional sports diplomacy 15 1 A revised anthropology of diplomacy 17 Framing and challenging the stereotype of diplomacy and diplomats 17 A revised anthropology of diplomacy 20 From the cave to the conference table: the long and storied diplomatic continuum 22 Traditional diplomacy defined 29 2 The essence of sport 37 Is cheese rolling actually a sport? 37 The great leveller: sport, anthropology and early human societies 39 The impact of Greece and Rome on sport 45 Sport in modern times 50 Sport defined 52