Sport Science in Germany: An Interdisciplinary Anthology

579 Pages·1992·20.9 MB·English

by  H. Haag

H. Haag O. Grupe A. Kirsch
(Eds.)
Sport Science
in Germany
An Interdisciplinary Anthology
With Contributions from
R. Ballreich, A. Berg & J. Keul, H. Bernett, K. Carl,
E. Franke, U. G6hner, O. Grupe, H. Haag,
K. Heinemann, W Hollmann, H. Langenfeld,
D. Martin, K. Mechling & K. Roth, 1. Nitsch,
K. Reischle & M. Spikermann, R. Rost,
P. Schwenkmezger & H. Rieder, A. Urhausen &
W Kindermann, K. Willimczik
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Prof. Dr. phil. Herbert Haag
Deutsches Olympisches Institut
Am kleinen Wannsee 6a
1000 Berlin 39
Germany
Prof. Dr. phil. Ommo Grupe
Institut fUr Sportwissenschaft
Universitat Tiibingen
WilhelmstraBe 124
W-7400 Tiibingen
Germany
Prof. Dr. phil. August Kirsch
Bernard-Eiberg-StraBe 23
W-5060 Bergisch-Gladbach 3
Germany
Translated by Gerald G. Haag, M.P.E.
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-77632-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-77630-4
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-77630-4
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad
casting, reproduction on microfilm orin otherways,and storage in data banks. Duplication ofthis pub
lication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of
September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from
Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution act under the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1992
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence
of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations
and therefore free for general use.
Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and applica
tion thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective usermustcheck its accuracy
by consulting other pharmaceutical literature.
Typesetting: Camera ready by editors
19/3020-543210 -Printed on acid-free paper
Foreword
One of the most important purposes of the Olympic movement is to give sport
its rightful place in the national life of the peoples of the world; to promote the
development of athletic activities in all countries; to provide occasions for the
best athletes of the world to compete together, and in this way to do something
through the comradeship of sport to lay a firm foundation for international
friendship among all the nations. We believe that great progress has been made
in this respect. The practice of soundly organized games and athletic activities
has spread far and wide.
As the year 2000 approaches, sport and the Olympic movement are enjoying
prestige and play an essential role in the peaceful development of human society
and education.
Sport and sport science which complements it have developed to such an ex
tent that it becomes more and more necessary to inform the international com
munity about all recent progress. This book that I have the honour of addressing
my foreword to will give valuable information to the scientific and sport com
munity about the most important recent developments of sport science in Ger
many. It is a collection of selected works of many outstanding researchers in
several disciplines related to sports.
On behalf of the International Olympic Committee, of which I have the honour
to be President, I thank the authors of this publication for their very up-to-date
articles on sport science in Germany and I hope many people will benefit from
its contents. I also wish the readers of this Anthology a pleasant and informative
experience.
J.A. Samaranch
President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC)
Foreword
Science is international and sport science is no exception in this regard. The
knowledge acquired through scientific research must be made available to every
one. In this regard there should be no restrictions regardless where we live or
what intellectual prerequisites or economic resources we may have to carry out
our own research programs or utilize those performed by others. Germany has
not only high potential for sport science, but the quantity as well as quality of
research activity within the country have had enormous impact on the whole
sport science community in the world. In my understanding the present volume
"Sport Science in Germany. An Interdisciplinary Anthology" serves two pur
poses: 1. While it in its good right reflects the significant role the German sport
scientists play in the world, it 2. serves as an important forum to deliver their
knowledge to the world at large. From my personal experience of long term
collaboration with German scientists, I fully feel that their work - often publis
hed in their own language only - deserves to be made better accessible to the en
tire scientific community. Thus as a representative of the world's largest sport
science organization "International Council of Sport Science and Physical Edu
cation" (ICSSPE), I am extremely happy that my colleagues in Germany are pu
blishing this important volume. ICSSPE has relied on Germany in the past, and
ICSSPE's future will always depend on the productive work by the German
sport scientists. I am convinced that this publication will fill its important task in
delivering scientific knowledge in sport to all interested groups and individuals.
Paavo V. Komi
President of the International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education
(ICSSPE)
Foreword
The development of scientific knowledge has been progressing with increasing
velocity. The half-life period of knowledge in medicine is approximately
6 years. This progress means deeper penetration into details. Therefore, all ef
forts of integration between the various scientific disciplines have become more
important in regard to utilizing results for the practical benefit of people.
This book follows that intent. Sport has become a cultural element of everyday
life. From the physician's point of view it represents a biological necessity in a
mechanized world characterized by a lack of movement. Sports medicine is pri
marily preventive medicine, and on a secondary level exercise therapy, sport
traumatology, rehabilitation by means of physical training, performance diag
nostics for clinical and sport purposes, as well as examination and counseling of
people participating in sport. The World Organization for Sports Medicine
(FIMS), founded in 1928 and consisting of 90 nations today, welcomes this an
thology which presents a small section of German research, theory, and practice
in sports medicine specifically and sport science in general. I hope that it can
make a contribution toward a scientific bridging between the nations.
Wildor Hollmann
President of the Federation of German Sports Physicians
President of the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS)
Foreword
Science is a fundamental phenomenon of our time. The amount of knowledge
grows tumultuously. It is very difficult nowadays to comprehend a specific area,
let alone a complex such as the differentiated field of sport science. Therefore,
viewpoints and platforms from which the sport scientific terrain can be observed
and assessed from afar have become more important. Science and sport have be
come increasingly interrelated, perhaps not always to the advantage of sport.
Once only a tentative companion, science has now become a guide, and - even
worse - in some areas a seducer. There is no doubt that sport represents a domi
nant and important form of expression in today's world. Our world can only be
mastered according to scientific concepts. It is futile nostalgia to follow the de
sire of returning to pre-scientific times. Therefore, we need to take on scientific
challenges, evaluate opportunities and risks of scientific thinking, and have the
courage emanating from ethical opinions to correct wrong developments.
An undertaking such as this anthology, realized under the guidance of experi
enced sport scientists such as Ommo Grupe, Herbert Haag, and August Kirsch,
can open new paths to achieve these goals. The rapidity of the development of
sport science is evidently demonstrated. The relationship between "mother scien
ces" and newly established "subdisciplines" changes continually in a dynamic
fashion. "Panta Rei" - everything flows: in light of the breath-taking changes of
our era one feels reminded of these words by Heraklit. The whole plays in uni
son like a poly-phonic orchestra. However, the opus is created by playing. Nev
ertheless, it is not a mere pot-pourri! Not everything ferments. This publication
also expresses a phase of maturity in German sport science. Its self-understand
ing has reached a point where it can profilate itself externally as well. It is there
fore the main goal of this scientific synopsis published in English to catch up to
international developments and to account for the increasingly international in
terrelation of scientific work. However, the predominant motive is not vein self
reflection, but rather the decision and search for scientific objectivity, which
make - as Goethe said - an "incredible supra-step" possible, a step that has al
ready been realized by modem humanity, but still needs to be fully understood:
"Direct yourself towards the real world and try to express it in words!" This
book attempts to live up to this demand in its own way. The effort deserves
thanks and success.
Willi Daume
President of the National Olympic Committee for Germany (NOK)
Foreword
Sport science is an important prerequisite for sport political action. The self-ad
ministration of sport in the Federal Republic of Germany relies strongly on ad
vice from sport science, as growing tasks lead to greater challenges.
The German Sport Federation has been asked for advice and organizational
help by friends from around the world. The federation has always pointed out
that the development of sport in the Federal Republic of Germany would not
have been possible without an accompanying independent sport science.
The German Sport Federation has always advocated the establishment of sport
scientific institutes. Today it takes a look at the achievements of this young sci
entific discipline, which is represented at most German colleges and universities.
Important findings of sport science are presented in this publication of Spon
Science in Gennany; I would like to express my respect for the editors and au
thorsand my best wishes for international resonance.
In Europe ministerial bureaucracies and politicians in the parliaments make the
decisions about the financing of research projects, the establishment and equip
ping of sport institutes at universities and colleges, and the qualification of phy
sical education teachers; this trend will not change in the future.
Public relations by means of a comprehendable presentation of the achieve
ments of sport science in the Federal Republic of Germany are therefore ne
cessary. It is wrong to assume that the required growth rates of the financing of
sport science or of the establishment of effective sport consulting can be secured
without a solid, planned and efficacious public image.
It is careless with respect to sport politics to depend on an objective under
standing of the necessary preeminence of science. This is another important rea
son for my supporting this documentation of the achievements of German sport
science. Best wishes for long-lasting success!
Hans Hansen
President of the German Sport Federation (DSB)
Preface
A project such as publishing an anthology of a scientific discipline in a specific
country - in this case in the Federal Republic of Germany -needs a collaborative
effort on the part of many people and institutions.
We would like to thank the Publishing Company Springer Verlag, Heidelberg
(FRG) and especially the book editor Dr. C. Osthoff. Through the cooperation
with the Springer Verlag we hope that we have been successful in presenting the
German approach to sport science and offering the material in a form that an En
glish-speaking audience can understand. The Hofmann Company (Schorndorf,
FRG) kindly granted permission to translate the texts of Chaps. 3, 5, 7, 9, 13,
15, 17, and 19 from a book just published in Germany by Haag, Strauss, and
Heinze.
J. A. Samaranch (President of the lOC), P. Komi (President ofICSSPE), W.
Hollmannn (President of FIMS), W. Daume (President of the NOK, FRG), and
H. Hansen (President of the DSB, FRG) provided forewords for the book, thus
lending support to this publication in light of the international development of
sport science.
Thanks go to the authors of this publication who all agreed to contribute origi
nal, up-to-date articles according to the structural pattern of the anthology. The
fact that there are minor deviations in certain articles from the general concept of
the publication is understandable in the world of science, which does not lend it
self to rigorous restrictions.
The texts were translated by Gerald Haag, M.P.E., (University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, Canada and University of Tiibingen, FRG) and thanks go
to him for his diligent work, which included all desktop publishing.
The School of Physical Education at the University of British Columbia in
Vancouver (in particular Professors Broom, Clement, Franks, Morford, Mosher,
Rhodes, and Sanderson) and some other professional colleagues in the United
States and Canada are acknowledged for their cooperation in reviewing the
translated articles. Thanks also go to M. Wilson and S. Peters of the Springer
Verlag for constructive final reviews.
The Federal Institute of Sport Science (BISp) in Cologne has supported the
project financially, which is important for a publication of this size, including
the translation into another language.
Thanks also go to colleagues from the Department of Sport Pedagogy of the
Institute of Sport and Sport Science at the Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel
(FRG). D. Killam, K. Heymann, and S. Kalis were involved with preparing the
manuscripts. D. Scherer and K. Hein worked as an editorial assistant by orga
nizing the different steps of the project, checking the final drafts, and assisting
in issues related to the publication procedure.
XVI
The Deutsches Olympisches Institut (German Olympic Institute) in Berlin
(especially C. Depta and B. Wedewardt) is also acknowledged for its support in
the final phase of the project.
The editors hope that this collaborative effort can contribute to improving un
derstanding of and cooperation in sport science on an international level. In light
of the constant enlargement of sport, physical education, and sport science on a
worldwide basis this publication can hopefully stimulate a positive development.
BerlinITiibingen/KOIn -March 1992
H. Haag
Professor for Sport Pedagogy at the University of Kiel and Director of the
German Olympic Institute in Berlin
O. Grupe
Professor for Sport Science at the University of Tiibingen and Vice-President of
the German Sport Federation
A. Kirsch
Professor for Sport Pedagogy at the Sports University of Cologne and former
Director of the Federal Institute of Sport Science in Cologne