Sport and the British World, 1900–1930: Amateurism and National Identity in Australasia and Beyond PDF
Preview Sport and the British World, 1900–1930: Amateurism and National Identity in Australasia and Beyond
BritainandtheWorld EditedbyTheBritishScholarSociety Editors: JamesOnley,UniversityofExeter,UK A.G.Hopkins,UniversityofCambridge GregoryBarton,UniversityofWesternSydney,Australia BryanGlass,TexasStateUniversity,USA OthertitlesintheBritainandtheWorldseriesinclude: IMPERIALENDGAME: Britain’sDirtyWarsandtheEndofEmpire BenjaminGrob-Fitzgibbon SCIENCEANDEMPIRE: KnowledgeandNetworksofScienceintheBritishEmpire,1850–1970 BrettBennettandJosephM.Hodge(editors) BRITISHDIPLOMACYANDTHEDESCENTINTOCHAOS: TheCareerofJackGarnett,1902–1919 JohnFisher ORDERINGINDEPENDENCE: TheEndofEmpireintheAnglophoneCaribbean1947–1967 SpencerMawby BRITISHIMAGESOFGERMANY: Admiration,AntagonismandAmbivalence,1860–1914 RichardScully THEANGLO-AMERICANPAPERWAR: DebatesabouttheNewRepublic,1800–1825 JoeEaton BRITISHPOLICYINTHEPERSIANGULF,1961–1968: ConceptionsofInformalEmpire HelenevonBismarck CINEMAANDSOCIETYINTHEBRITISHEMPIRE,1895–1940 JamesBurns THEBRITISHABROADSINCETHEEIGHTEENTHCENTURY: Vol.1:TravellersandTourists Vol.2:ExperiencingImperialism MartinFarrandXavierGuégan(editors) IMPERIALCULTUREINANTIPODEANCITIES,1880–1939 JohnGriffiths SPORTANDTHEBRITISHWORLD,1900–1930: AmateurismandNationalIdentityinAustralasiaandBeyond ErikNielsen PAXBRITANNICA: RulingtheWavesandKeepingthePeacebeforeArmageddon BarryGough Forthcomingtitlesinclude: BRITISHIMPERIALISMANDINDIA’SAFGHANFRONTIER,1918–1948 BrandonMarsh NEWDELHI:THELASTIMPERIALCITY DavidJohnson BritainandtheWorld SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–24650–8hardcover SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–24651–5paperback (outsideNorthAmericaonly) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to usattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesand oneoftheISBNsquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS,England Sport and the British World, 1900–1930 Amateurism and National Identity in Australasia and Beyond Erik Nielsen SessionalTutor,UniversityofNewSouthWales,Australia HonoraryAcademic,MacquarieUniversity,Australia ©ErikNielsen2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-39850-5 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2014by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-48538-3 ISBN 978-1-137-39851-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137398512 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. Contents SeriesEditors’Preface vii Acknowledgements viii ListofAbbreviations xi 1 Introduction 1 Amateurism 5 Recentdevelopmentsinthehistoriography ofamateursport 8 NationalismandBritishnessinsportingidentity 11 TheBritishWorld 15 Chapterbreakdown 21 2 TheCommercialisationofAustralasian AmateurAthletics 25 Theroleoffinanceinamateursport 27 Clubevents 30 Intercolonialrepresentativecontests 38 TheimportanceoftoursinAustralianculture 41 TheShrubb-Duffeytour 43 TheRowleytour 51 Conclusion 54 3 TheRoleofRaceandClassinDefiningtheAustralasian AmateurCommunity 57 ThestatusofIndigenousathletesinAustralasia 60 Therelationshipbetweenteamsportsandamateurism 66 TheAustralasianUnionandteamsports 69 TheMillerandSparrowcases 75 Conclusions 89 4 ‘ImperialismandNationalisminAction’?Reconfiguring theAthleticRelationshipwithBritain 92 ‘BritishHistory’ 93 ThwartedBritishness:theAustralasianrelationshipwith Englishamateurorganisations 97 v vi Contents BetterBritain:theAustralasianUnionandthesympathetic English 104 Austral(as)ia’sEmpire:theAustralasianUnionand like-mindedEnglishofficials 112 The1911FestivalofEmpireandnotionsofBritishness 114 Conclusion 119 5 NorthAmericanCousins:RelationswiththeUnited StatesandCanada 121 NorthAmericaandAustralasia 122 TheAustralasianUnionandtheUnitedStatesofAmerica 125 TheAustralasianUnionandCanada 131 TensionswithCanada 136 ThereassertionofconservatisminCanada 147 Conclusion 149 6 AQuestionofNationalism?TheDissolutionofthe AustralasianAmateurAthleticRelationship 152 ‘Australasia’andthe‘TasmanWorld’ 153 SportandAustralasia 156 TheAustralasianOlympicTeam 159 NationalismandtheAustralasianUnion 166 ThedissolutionoftheAustralasianUnion 171 Conclusion 180 Conclusion 182 Notes 190 SelectBibliography 234 Index 250 Series Editors’ Preface Sport and the British World 1900–1930: Amateurism and Identity in Australasia and Beyond is published as the thirteenth volume in the British Scholar Society’s Britain and the World series from Palgrave Macmillan. From the sixteenth century onward, Britain’s influence on the world became progressively more profound and far-reaching, in time touching every continent and subject, from Europe to Australasia and archaeology to zoology. Although the histories of Britain and the world became increasingly intertwined, mainstream British history still neglects the world’s influence upon domestic developments and Britain’s overseas history remains largely confined to the study of the British Empire. This series takes a broader approach to British history, seekingtoinvestigatethefullextentoftheworld’sinfluenceonBritain andBritain’sinfluenceontheworld. Erik Nielsen’s monograph investigates the history of amateur sport in the British World during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and, in the process, delves into wider debates on the links betweenBritainandtheOldDominions.Whilethefocusismainlycen- tred on Britain and Australia, the sporting relationship between these twoandtheDominionsofNewZealandandCanadaalsoplayacrucial role in understanding how amateurism influenced the development of identity in both an imperial and local sense. Sport provided a way for people to negotiate their place within the British World in ways that bothchallengedandreinforcedimperialnorms. Editors,BritainandtheWorld: JamesOnley,AmericanUniversityofSharjah A.G.Hopkins,PembrokeCollege,Cambridge GregoryA.Barton,AustralianNationalUniversity BryanS.Glass,TexasStateUniversity vii Acknowledgements A number of scholars have provided me with vital assistance through- out the development of this book. Without the energetic support of Dr Sean Brawley, it would have been impossible to carry out much of the research, and the quality of the writing would have suffered. His influence on my development as a historian goes far beyond what is presentonthesubsequentpages.DrAnthonyHughesprovidedinvalu- ableadviceandothersupportandIbenefitednotonlyfromhissupport, but he made my life easier as a researcher due to the positive impres- sion he left in Lausanne at the Olympic Museum. A number of other scholars within the sports history community also offered me support and advice during email conversations and at conferences, including Beck Press, Tony Collins, Duncan Stone, Robert Barney, Daryl Adair, Richard Cashman, Bruce Coe, Paul Circosta, Meryll Fletcher, Wray Vamplew, Matthew P. Llewellyn and Geoff Kohe, along with count- less others. The Postgraduate Community at the School of History and PhilosophyatUNSWprovidedasupportiveenvironmentformydevel- opment as a historian. Charmaine Robson, Eureka Henrich and Eve Carroll-Dwyer organised seminars and conferences that offered other prospectivescholarsandmewithanenvironmenttodeveloparguments and presentation skills. I would like to thank these colleagues for the expenditure of their precious time, as well as those who contributed to these sessions – especially Anna Doukakis, Carlin de Montfort and LindsayYeates. Financial support for this study was provided by the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) throughtheirPostgraduateExternalResearchPrograms.Iwasalsofortu- nateenoughtobeawardedthe2008TomBrockScholarshipbytheTom Brock Bequest Committee. These awards allowed me to consult with internationalsourcesthatofferedmetheopportunitytogivemystudy aninternationalperspective. Anumberoflibrariansandarchivistshaveprovidedmewithinvalu- ableassistanceintheproductionofthisstudy.WhileIamabitreticent to single out any of these often sadly underappreciated professionals for fear of forgetting someone, the following librarians and archivists have been particularly helpful – Andy Carr of the State Library of New viii Acknowledgements ix SouthWales,RuthBeck-Perrenaud,formerlyoftheOlympicMuseumin Lausanne, Switzerland, Alice Constance of the British Olympic Foun- dation, Sandra Bell of Library and Archives Canada, Abbey Lewis of Archives New Zealand, Stephen Donnell of the New Zealand Olympic Committee and David Studham and Trevor Ruddell of the Melbourne Cricket Club Library. Bryan Brown – the Development Director of Hampton School – also provided assistance with sources relating to Hampton School. Jon Devitt and Harry Gordon were also extremely generous in allowing me to view Mr Gordon’s collection of material relating to the Olympic Movement in Australia held at the National Library of Australia. The following institutions have graciously per- mitted me to quote material held in their manuscript collections: the AlexanderTurnbullLibrary(NationalLibraryofNewZealand),Cadbury ResearchLibrary–SpecialCollectionsattheUniversityofBirmingham, theMuséeOlympique(InternationalOlympicCommitteeArchives),the New Zealand Olympic Committee and the State Library of New South Wales. Earlyversionsofaspectsofthisworkhavebeenpublishedelsewhere. The International Centre for Olympic Studies and the Australian Soci- ety for Sports History have allowed portions of the following to be reproduced: ErikNielsen(2008)‘RichardCoombes:“GrandOldMan”ofAustralian Olympism?’, in Robert K. Barney et al. (eds), Pathways: Critiques andDiscourseinOlympicResearch:Proceedingsofthe9thInternational Symposium for Olympic Research (London: International Centre for OlympicStudies),286–95. Erik Nielsen (2008) ‘“Oh Error, Ill-conceived.” The Amateur Sports Federation of New South Wales, Rugby League and Amateur Ath- letics’,inAndrewMooreandAndyCarr(eds),CentenaryReflections: 100YearsofRugbyLeagueinAustralia(Melbourne:AustralianSociety forSportsHistory),9–23. Erik Nielsen (2009) ‘Profound Indifference: Amateur Athletics and Indigenous Australasians in the Early 20th Century’, Sporting Tra- ditions,26(2),15–30. Erik Nielsen (2010) ‘The Fall of Australasia and the Demise of the Empire Olympic Team’, in Robert K. Barney et al. (eds) Rethink- ing Matters Olympic: Investigations into the Socio-cultural Study of the ModernOlympicMovement:TenthInternationalSymposiumforOlympic Research(London:InternationalCentreforOlympicStudies,2010), 106–15.
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