Spoken Corpus Linguistics: From Monomodal to Multimodal PDF
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Spoken Corpus Linguistics In this book Adolphs and Carter explore key approaches to work in spoken corpus linguistics. The book discusses some of the pioneering challenges faced in designing, building and utilising insights from the analysis of spo- ken corpora, arguing that, even though written text is heavily privileged in corpus research, the spoken language can reveal patterns of language use that are both different and distinctive and that this has important implica- tions for the way in which language is described, for the study of human communication and for the field of applied linguistics as a whole. Spoken Corpus Linguistics is divided into two main parts. The first part sets the scene by discussing traditional and new approaches to monomodal spoken corpus analysis, with a focus on discourse organisation and con- versational interaction and with particular attention to forms of language such as discourse markers and multi-word units, areas of language not con- ventionally described but which are argued to be of importance to spoken language description and to spoken language learning and teaching research within the field of applied linguistics. The second part of the book moves into the multimodal domain and focuses on alignments between language and gesture in a spoken corpus, with particular reference to gestural move- ments of the head and the hand and to the different ways in which prosody might be used to enhance communication. A brief final chapter discusses new developments in the area of spoken corpus research, including the rela- tionship between language and context, emerging research methods as well as discussing possible shifts in scope and emphasis in spoken corpus research in the future. Svenja Adolphs is Professor of English Language and Linguistics at the Uni- versity of Nottingham. Ronald Carter is Professor of Modern English Language at the University of Nottingham. Routledge Advances in Corpus Linguistics Edited by Tony McEnery, Lancaster University, UK Michael Hoey, Liverpool University, UK 1 Swearing in English 8 Public Discourses of Gay Men Bad Language, Purity and Power Paul Baker from 1586 to the Present Tony McEnery 9 Semantic Prosody A Critical Evaluation 2 Antonymy Dominic Stewart A Corpus-Based Perspective Steven Jones 10 Corpus Assisted Discourse Studies on the Iraq Conflict 3 Modelling Variation in Spoken Wording the War and Written English Edited by John Morley and Paul David Y. W. Lee Bayley 4 The Linguistics of Political 11 Corpus-Based Contrastive Argument Studies of English and Chinese The Spin-Doctor and the Wolf- Richard Xiao and Tony McEnery Pack at the White House Alan Partington 12 The Discourse of Teaching Practice Feedback 5 Corpus Stylistics A Corpus-Based Investigation of Speech, Writing and Thought Spoken and Written Modes Presentation in a Corpus of Fiona Farr English Writing Elena Semino and Mick Short 13 Corpus Approaches to Evaluation 6 Discourse Markers Across Susan Hunston Languages A Contrastive Study of Second- 14 Corpus Stylistics and Dickens’s Level Discourse Markers in Fiction Native and Non-Native Text with Michaela Mahlberg Implications for General and Pedagogic Lexicography 15 Spoken Corpus Linguistics Dirk Siepmann From Monomodal to Multimodal Svenja Adolphs and Ronald Carter 7 Grammaticalization and English Complex Prepositions A Corpus-Based Study Sebastian Hoffmann Spoken Corpus Linguistics From Monomodal to Multimodal Svenja Adolphs and Ronald Carter First published 2013 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2013 Taylor & Francis The right of Svenja Adolphs and Ronald Carter to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Adolphs, Svenja, author. Spoken Corpus Linguistics : From monomodal to multimodal / Svenja Adolphs and Ronald Carter. pages cm. — (Routledge Advances in Corpus Linguistics ; 15) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Corpora (Linguistics) 2. Discourse analysis. 3. Speech acts (Linguistics) 4. Linguistic analysis (Linguistics) 5. Grammar, Comparative and general. 6. Computational linguistics. I. Carter, Ronald, 1947– author. II. Title. P128.C68A36 2013 410.1'88—dc23 2012042037 ISBN: 978-0-415-88829-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-52614-9 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 PART I Monomodal Spoken Corpus Analysis 1 Making a Start: Building and Analyzing a Spoken Corpus 5 2 Corpus and Spoken Interaction: Multi-Word Units in Spoken English 22 3 From Concordance to Discourse: Responses to Speakers 37 4 Case Studies in Applied Spoken Corpus Linguistics 67 PART II Multimodal Spoken Corpus Analysis 5 Sound Evidence: Prosody and Spoken Corpora 111 6 Moving Beyond the Text 142 7 Developing a Framework for Analyzing ‘Headtalk’ and ‘Handtalk’: First Steps 158 8 Future Directions 178 Appendix 183 Notes 185 References 187 Index 203 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments Thanks to our series editors, Tony McEnery and Michael Hoey, for their pa - tience, support, always helpful critical comment and always good guidance at all stages in the writing of this book. This book draws on research that we have undertaken in the field of spo- ken corpus linguistics over the course of the past 15 years or so and in that sense is a summary collection of research material that has involved collab- orative work on many fronts as part of funded research projects, coauthor- ship of books and articles, research reports and conference papers. Thanks are due to many colleagues and friends, all of whom have kindly granted us permission to use material that we have co-written, co-constructed, and co-designed or previously published with them both as part of our overall narrative and argument and as part of specific case studies. In this sense the book is also fundamentally a compilation with many voices, and we offer therefore warmest thanks to Irina Dahlmann, Dave Evans, Loretta Fung, Daniel Hunt, Anne O’Keeffe, Dawn Knight, Mike McCarthy, Ron Marti- nez, Phoebe Ming-sum Lin, Pawel Szudarski and Catherine Smith. Thanks, too, to Peter Stockwell, Sarah Atkins and Dave Evans who have also gen- erously allowed us to use video images of them. Special thanks are due to Dawn Knight who worked as a researcher with us on several ESRC-funded projects and who has been an irreplaceable source of advice, guidance and support to us during the course of these and other projects. In the writing of this book, we have also used material from previously published papers and chapters in books. In all cases the material has been rewritten, or recast, revised and updated for the purposes of this book. These are ‘Discourse markers and spoken English: Native and learner use in pedagogic settings’, Applied Linguistics, 28 (3) (2007), 410–439 (Fung and Carter); ‘This, that and the other’: Multi-word clusters in spoken English as visible patterns of interaction’, TEANGA 21, 30–52 (2004) (McCarthy and Carter);‘Beyond the text: Construction and analysis of multi-modal linguistic corpora’, 2nd Annual International e-Social Science conference, http://www. ncess.ac.uk/research/sgp/headtalk/, June 2006, University of Manchester (multi- authored) ‘HeadTalk’, ‘HandTalk’ and the corpus: Towards a framework for multi-modal, multi-media corpus development, Corpora (2009), 4(1), 1–32 viii Acknowledgments (Knight, Evans, Carter and Adolphs); ‘Listening to lectures: thinking smaller’, European Journal of Applied Linguistics and TEFL (1 (1) (2012) (Carter, Martinez, Adolphs and Smith); Linking the verbal and visual: New directions for Corpus Linguistics Language and Computers. 64, 275–291 (Carter and Adolphs); From Corpus to Classroom: Language Use and Language Teach- ing (CUP: Cambridge, 2007) (O’Keeffe, McCarthy and Carter); ‘Building a spoken corpus: what are the basics? In: O’Keeffe, A. and McCarthy, M. (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. London: Routledge, 2010: 38–52 (Adolphs and Knight); Pauses as an Indicator of Psycholinguistically Valid Multi-Word Expressions (MWUs)? In: Proceedings of Association of Computational Linguistics (ACL) 2007 workshop ‘A Broader Perspective on Multiword Expressions’: 49–56. (Dahlmann and Adolphs); ‘Beyond the Word: New challenges in analysing corpora of spoken English’ European Journal of English Studies 11 (2) (2007): 133–146 (Carter and Adolphs); ‘Corpus Lin- guistics’ In: Simpson, J. (ed) The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguis- tics. (London: Routledge, 2010) (Adolphs and Lin); ‘Response tokens in British and Irish discourse: Corpus, context and variational pragmatics’, In: Barron, A. and Schneider, K. (eds) Variational Pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins; (2008) (O’Keeffe and Adolphs); ‘Sound evidence: A multimodal corpus-based study into the notion of holistic processing of multiword units’, In: Barfield, A. and Gyllstad, H. (eds) Collocating in Another Language: Multiple Interpretations. (Palgrave, Macmillan, 2009) (Lin and Adolphs); Multi-modal spoken corpus analysis and language description: the case of multi-word expressions. In: Baker P., (ed), Contemporary Approaches to Cor- pus Linguistics (London, Continuum Press, 2009) (Dahlman and Adolphs); Using a corpus to study spoken language. In: Hunston, S. and Oakey, D. (eds), Doing Applied Linguistics: Key concepts and skills for postgraduate study (London: Routledge) (Adolphs). Our research on monomodal corpora has been funded by Cambridge University Press, and we thank the Press for allowing us to use sample extracts from the CANCODE corpus (now part of the over one-billion word Cambridge English Corpus) with the following citation: “CANCODE means Cambridge and Nottingham Corpus of Discourse in English. The corpus consists of five million words of informal conversations recorded across the islands of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press is the sole copyright holder.” Where indicated, BNC data cited herein has been extracted from the British National Corpus Online service, managed by Oxford University Computing Services on behalf of the BNC Consortium. All rights in the texts cited are reserved. Some examples of usage taken from the British National Corpus were obtained under the terms of the BNC End User License. Copyright in the individual texts cited resides with the original IPR holders. For information and licensing conditions relating to the BNC, please see the website at http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk This book also draws on previously published research material produced in connection with three Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Acknowledgments ix funded research projects. All previous publications and ESRC research reports have been re-accented, restructured, revised and updated, and new data has been added, where appropriate. Our research on multimodal cor- pora has been funded by ESRC (grant numbers RES-149–25–1067, RES- 149–25–0035, RES-149–25–1016), EPSRC (grant number EP/C548191/1) and again partly in collaboration with Cambridge University Press. Svenja Adolphs and Ronald Carter, Nottingham August 2012
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