Spirulina in Human Nutrition and Health

328 Pages·2007·3.47 MB·English

by  M. E. Gershwin

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Contents
Preface ............................................................................. vii
Editors ............................................................................. ix
Contributors ....................................................................... xi
Chapter1 Spirulina(Arthrospira):ProductionandQualityAssurance..... 1
AmhaBelay
Chapter2 ToxicologicStudiesandAntitoxicPropertiesofSpirulina ...... 27
GermánChamorro-Cevallos,BlancaLiliaBarrón,and
JorgeVázquez-Sánchez
Chapter3 SpirulinaandItsTherapeuticImplicationsasaFoodProduct... 51
UmaM.Iyer,SwatiA.Dhruv,andIndiraniU.Mani
Chapter4 TherapeuticUtilityofSpirulina................................... 71
UliyarV.Mani,UmaM.Iyer,SwatiA.Dhruv,IndiraniU.Mani,
andKavitaS.Sharma
Chapter5 AntioxidantProfileofSpirulina:ABlue-GreenMicroalga...... 101
KanwaljitChopraandMahendraBishnoi
Chapter6 AntioxidativeandHepatoprotectiveEffectsofSpirulina........ 119
Li-chenWuandJa-anAnnieHo
Chapter7 Drug-InducedNephrotoxicityProtectionbySpirulina .......... 153
VijayKumarKutala,IyyapuKrishnaMohan,MahmoodKhan,
NarasimhamL.Parinandi,andPeriannanKuppusamy
Chapter8 SpirulinaandImmunity ........................................... 177
AndreaT.Borchers,AmhaBelay,CarlL.Keen,and
M.EricGershwin
Chapter9 NKActivationInducedbySpirulina.............................. 195
TsukasaSeya,TakashiEbihara,KenKodama,KaoruHazeki,
andMisakoMatsumoto
Chapter10 SpirulinaandAntibodyProduction............................... 205
OsamuHayashi,KyokoIshii,andToshimitsuKato
Chapter11 SpirulinaasanAntiviralAgent.................................... 227
BlancaLiliaBarrón,J.MartínTorres-Valencia,Germán
Chamorro-Cevallos,andArmidaZúñiga-Estrada
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vi Contents
Chapter12 SpirulinaandAntibacterialActivity .............................. 243
GuvenOzdemirandMeltemConkDalay
Chapter13 Spirulina,Aging,andNeurobiology.............................. 271
JenniferVila,CarmelinaGemma,AdamBachstetter,YunWang,
IngridStrömberg,andPaulaC.Bickford
Chapter14 SpirulinaInteractions.............................................. 293
AndreaT.Borchers,CarlL.Keen,andM.EricGershwin
Index ............................................................................... 305
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Preface
Foodsprovidenutrientssuchasvitamins,minerals,proteins,carbohydrates,andfats
andahostofothernonessentialnutrientsthatmayconferhealthbenefits. Research
into the mechanisms of action of foods and their components have led to a virtual
cottageindustryofnutraceuticalsthat,insomecases,havebeensuggestedtoboost
the immune system, enhance cognitive function, and perhaps even have the poten-
tial to slow the aging process. On the basis of these findings, some manufacturers
have even begun the creation of functional foods by fortifying, bioengineering, or
otherwisemodifyingfoodssothattheycontainhigherthannormalconcentrationsof
thesecomponents.Othersmarkettheextractsofcertainfoodssuchasgarlic,parsley,
and cranberries in the form of pills, capsules, tablets, or liquids. In addition, indi-
vidual phytochemicals are available in health food stores and even in mainstream
supermarkets.Indeed,manyfoodextractsandplantcomponentsaresoldasdietary
supplements,andthemarkethasexploded,fueledinpartbyclaimsthatselectbotan-
icals can do everything from curing colds to facilitating weight loss. This change
in market is reflected by the incredible consumer interest in dietary supplements.
Unfortunately, all too often the use of dietary supplements comes without the rig-
orous scientific data required for health claims and there is very little systematic
researchonnotonlymanynutraceuticalsbutalsotheinteractionsofthesematerials
betweenprescriptionorevenover-the-counterdrugs.Oneindicationofthiscomplex-
ity is that isolated plant ingredients or even the isolation of a bioactive constituent
often have different effects than the whole plant extract. One major exception to
these myriad problems is the use of Spirulina. Spirulina, essentially an extraordin-
arilysimpleextractofblue-greenalgae,hasbeenextensivelystudiedandisnowin
widespreadusagethroughouttheworldasafoodproductandasadietarysupplement.
Despitethiswealthofdatainindividualexperimentalpapers,therehasnothitherto
beenanattempttocombinethisbodyofknowledgeintoamonographthatisuseful
for scientists, physicians, workers in the food industry, and, of course, consumers.
Thisvolume,whichiseditedbyaprofessorofimmunologyandanexpertinnutrition
andimmunology,aswellasabasicscientistwithextensivebackgroundinSpirulina,
aimstofillthisgap.Weareparticularlyappreciativeofourcontributorswhoworked
arduouslytomeetdeadlinesandtosettheirpentopaperonanimportantsubjectina
readablefashion.WeareespeciallygratefultoKathyWisdom,oureditorialassistant,
whohasfollowed,tracked,andmadethewritingprocesseversomucheasier.Weare
alsogratefultooureditorsatCRCPressfortheirencouragementandadvice.
M.EricGershwin
AmhaBelay
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Editors
M.EricGershwin,MDisadistinguishedprofessorofmedicineaswellastheJack
andDonaldChiaprofessorofmedicine.Heisalsochiefofthedivisionofallergyand
clinical immunology at the University of California School of Medicine in Davis.
Dr. Gershwin graduated from Stanford Medical School in 1971 and subsequently
trainedininternalmedicineandthenimmunologyatTuftsUniversity-NewEngland
MedicalCenterandtheNationalInstitutesofHealth.HejoinedtheUCDavisfaculty
in1975andhasbeendivisionchiefsince1982.Dr.Gershwinhasbeencontinuously
funded by NIH since 1975 and currently has published more than 20 books, 600
experimental papers, and 200 book chapters or review articles. He is editor of the
Journal of Autoimmunity and Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology and on
theeditorialboardofmultipleotherjournals.Hismajorcontributionsrevolvearound
thethemeofautoimmunedisease.Dr.Gershwinwasthefirstindividualtoclonean
autoantigenandidentifiedthemitochondrialautoantigensofPBCin1986;thisantigen
wasidentifiedastheE2componentofpyruvatedehydrogenase.Subsequently,hislab
hasfocusedentirelyonPBCandhisdiagnosticreagentshavebecomethestandard
throughout the world. More importantly, however, he has dissected the CD4, CD8
andBcellresponseinPBCanddemonstratedthattheautoepitopeisnearlyidentical
in each case. Further, his research has helped to explain why only small bile duct
cellsareinvolvedandthisthesishasledtoourunderstandingofthepathophysiology
of biliary damage as an orchestrated response that begins with adaptive immunity
and ends with innate immunity. This work has been published in the Journal of
Immunology,theJournalofClinicalInvestigation,andtheJournalofExperimental
Medicine.HehassatandchairedoncommitteesforNIH,NSF,USDA,FTCandthe
FDA.Dr.Gershwinhasbeenstudyingnutritionandimmunologyformorethanthree
decades.
Amha Belay, PhD is a highly respected and leading expert in microalgal biotech-
nology in general and Spirulina (Arthrospira) in particular. He has an extensive
experienceintheuseofalgaeinhealthmanagement,andinawidevarietyofapplic-
ationssuchasfood,feed,nutraceuticals,andenvironmentalmanagement.Hisother
areas of expertise include nutraceutical and functional foods development, quality
assurance,andregulation.
Dr. Belay is currently senior vice president and scientific director of Earthrise
Nutritionals, the largest Spirulina-producing company in the world. He over-
sees algal production and quality assurance, quality management systems, product
development,andregulatoryaffairs.
BeforejoiningEarthrisein1989,hewasassociateprofessorandheadoftheBio-
logyDepartmentatAddisAbabaUniversity,Ethiopia.Hewasalsoaseniorresearch
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