Spiritual despots: Modern Hinduism and the genealogies of self-rule

142 Pages·2017·14.239 MB·English

by  Scott, J. Barton

SpirDietsupa l
SOUTAHS IAAC ROSTSH ED ISCIPLINES ModeHrinn duism
As ereideibst) Me'id u u,fHTaaRmro, b Geormltad 11, a nGda uVriis wa11atha11
Genealogies
DIPECSHHA KRAilASRHTEYL,D ON POLALNOCSDKA ,N JSAUYB RAHMANYFAOMU,N DIENDGI TORS
Fundbeyadg rafnrtot mhA en drWe.Mw e llFoonu ndaatnijdoo ni nptulbyl ished
byt hUen iveorfCs ailtiyf PorrentsihsUaen iveorfCs hiitcyPa rgeoas nsCdo ltnn­
1 1
hiUan ivePrrseistsy.
SouAtshiA ac rtohsDesi sciipaslis neersdi eevso ttope udb li!sihbriosnotgak csr oss
aw idrea nogfSe o uAtshi satnu diinecsl,ua drihtni,gs tpohriyl,oo lrto egxyt ual
studpiheisl,o sroeplhiyag,ni tdoh nien terpsroecsticiaivlee Sn ecreaisue.ts h aolrls
1
shatrhege o oalfo penuipnn ge wa rchainvsdeu sg gensetmwie ntgh oadnasdp ­
proacwhheidsle,em onsttrhaaSttoi unAtg�h i sacnh olacrabsneha itop n cdee ep
ine xperatnbidrs oeia nad p pcaL
ASIAAC ROSTSH ED ISCIPLINES
anI ndSicahne d'ruiflbeed j.BARTON SCOT
RashaenMddo derniinUs rmdP uo etry
ThUen iveorfCs hiitcyPa rgeosC sh icaangLdoo ndon
H1<1hm1b sLT arbaonrs:n CaotmimoenSrauclri raolis Inan cdyi a
llAyn uiPtaan (dCeo lumhiaJ
VoiScui/n,jgPe ucbtIlsni:tc i amnaMdce yd iaitKnia otnh mandu
LauKruan reu(tChaelri fornia)
WritRie1s1igsT thaRenh ceet:oI rmiacgailno a/tHiiDonandlL iii tt erature
byL auIrtlla r ne(cCko lumbia)
DemocArgauciDyme tv eloLpomweCenartsP :to el iatnPidoc lsi Mtoidcearnilin ty
Postcobluotniiao l
byJ effWeirtys( oCeh icago)
SCOTiTas s sipsrtoafneotsf ts hhoeir s toofrr eyl iagti on
ofT oronto.
ThUen iveorfCs hiitcyPa rgeoCs hsi,c 6a0g6o3 7
ThUen iveorfCs hiitcyPa rgeoLs tsdL,.o ,n don
201h6yT hUen iveorfCs hiitcya go
Alrli grhetsse Pruvbeldi.2s 0h1e6d.
Prinitnte hdUe n itSetdao tfAe mse rica
181 71 6 12 3 4 S
(cloth)
(e-book)
10.7208/chicago/9780226368702.001.0001
Catgailnog-in-PDuabtlai cation
NameSsc:o tBta,r.ta)ou.nt ,h or.
TitSlpei:r dietsupa:mol ot dseHrinn duainstdmh gee uealoofsg eilefs­
ru/l.JeB. a rtSocno tt.
Othteirt SloeusAt:sh ai car tohsdesi sciplines.
DescriCphtiicoc1Lngo:on ;d: oT nhUen iveorCfsh iitcyPa rgeo2s 0s1,6 .
SerSioeusAt:sh ai car tohsdesi sciplines.
IdentLiCfCi2Ne0 r1s5:0 4!I2 S7B69N97 802263(6c8l:6oa 7tl2phk a.p er)
II SB9N7 802263(6e8-7b0o2o k)
SubjeLcCStHHsi::n duism-India-cHeinsttIuoH rriyyn-.d1 u9 th
renewal-Hisctconrty[nA- rn1y9t.ti h- clericalism-lndia­
Historyc-e-n-t1IuA9 rntyth.i i-ccalleirsm-Engrlyan-d1-9Htihs to
centIuA rnyt.i -clericalisstmu-d-IAiC seocsme.pt aircaitsimv­e (
Hindu[iA sumt.o nomy-Raeslpiegcitosn-sH IiA nudtuoinsomm.y ­ A lii,purlousotg r haitmisnaettlf h Feee t, ?hiGso orooro ,
Religaisopuesc ts--TIAh uetoosnoopmhyy-.R aeslpiegcitosu­s SpiritTueaalc h(ae B rr,a lww11.)
Comparsattuidviee s.
C: lassiLfiCcCBa lt.i!o.1n55:233 03.1 SID6 D C2 94.50954/09034-dc23
Courtoefts hByeu rLkieb raatUr nyi Tohne oloSgeimcianalan rtdyh e
J.Cr ecaovradi althat btl/pe]: c/c n.loc.gov/2015042769
requiroefmA eNnStIs/ NZI:3S9O. 48-1992
Contents
Acknowledg1nents
IntrodAugcatiitnohPsnert: i 1e st
AS ingSupleacorifD e ess po3t1i sm
2 AP opuHliasrto ofPr ryi esitnAc lArlga efst 60
3 RefoArffimn it8i5e s
4 GurluGs o d11 9
s 150
6 AstErtahl1i 7c7s
ConcluTshCieio rnc:u olfSae tlifo-nR ule
Not2e2s1
Ind2e6x3
Acknowledgments
Thibso owko unlodht a vbee epno sswiibtlheto humeta ny
friemnednst,oa rncsdo, l lewahgosu uepsp oarntsdeu ds ­
tainmeedd u ritnhygee atrhsaI tt o otkow riittIe.nt he
earsltya ogfce osn cetihvpeir nogj Ieb cetn,e figtreeda tly
frotmhi en terdisicnitpelri-nianresynt,vi itruotnimoennatl
thamta kDeusk Uen ivesruscaihg t ryep altaf cowero rikn
thheu maniIat mip easr.t icgurlaatfreotlfrhyu we la rsmu p­
poratnsd a agdev oifBc reu Lcaew reLnecePelr,aa sSardi,n i­
vaAsr avamDuadvaGinid,l maarntRdii nc,h Jaarffwdeh ,o
helpmeetd or efitnheme u ceha rvleiresroi fto hnpe r oject
thIas tu bmiatsmt yed di sserDtuartitinhogtin is.m I ae l,s o
benefiftreocdmo nverwsiattoihto hanersrfe aac uplatryt,i c­
ulaMraltCyto oSka,n dFrrieaiS taatKgth,ia nTnoamT, w eed,
anPdi nVkaii shJnuaasvsita m .p oratratenh mtea ngyr adu­
atsec hoforli ewnhdoms a dmey y eairnDs u rhsaoim n tel­
lectaunapdlel rys orniaclehls,yp ecMiaarAlirl mys trong­
HougAhl,Ai s laKma,tB el anchLaorrBdia, r oCnr,i stina
CorduneanSuu-sHauDncrniaa,kM ei,tF crha Yaosu,s haa
PatelR,eJmaeKcsyoS,lbm e i Sthhe,r TAalrieK erniU,sp tsio n­
SaiIas,aW aeci naenrBd,r eWtitl son.
Ic ounlodht a vaes kfeoadrb etptleartc ore e contcheei ve
disseratsaba otoitkohn at nhD ee partomfHe instta onrdy
PhilosaotMp ohnyt aSntaaU tnei veIrw saintttoey x.p ress
myh eartthfaentlkoats l o lfm y c olletahgefuroemersa king
Bozemsaunca hh a papcya dehmoimceP .a rtitchualnakrs
ardeu teom yc olleianRg euleisgS itouudSsiu essCa,on h en,
HolGlrye tahneLdry ,n Sdeax saoswn e,al slt oB oRby dell
anBdr eWtatl kbeorto,hfw hopmr ovkiedlyeo dg issutpi­cal
poratlo tnhgwe a yR.e ahlolwye,vt eheren, t dierpea rtment
Ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
desetrhvaenfskos sre ttsiuncaghno utstamnoddioenhflgo wt coo mbine ni'aRle formoafHt iinodnu'ii nst mhJ"eo uronfta hAlem eriAccaand emy
firsts-crhaotlea wristuhhni ppa raclollelleegCdia aslsiaBtnaydl:re an t, oR(e li8g3ni,oo 1.n( 201158)1:- I2t 0h9a.On xkf oUrndi vePrrsefisotsry
PrasBaanntday opaRdohCbya amyp,bD ealvlCi,hd e rDroynD, e metria­ permitsors eiportnih nmatat t aehlre ire.
deCsa,t heDruinnleDo apnF, l oMrayg,gG iree eRnoeb,Hi anr Kdryi,s ten Althosucghho lwarriltiyims no gs tasl oyl iatffaairictyro ,un lodht a p­
lntemDaanvnLi,ad r TgieLm,e Cain,MJaersDksasil,Mce aa r tMiinc,h elle pewni thtohuoetn gosiunpgp oofarb tr ocaodm munoifft ryi eanndds
MaskieMlely,MeJarir,Mmy u prhMyi,c hRaeeilLd ayT,r SehlelreffiB uisll,y felslcohwo Olfatr hmsea. n pye opwlheos haptehdpi rso joerhc etl ped
SmiKtehl,Sl tioeo lMmoalnTl,ody d S,a Wraall earnK,da tYiaewT .h antkos speieatdl oInw go,u elsdp ecliiatklotel h ya Cnaks Asdiceko J,ce Cna l­
DavAigdr aunsAdsn jSaulnid afrotarhmg e o ocdo mpainnBy o zemtaon ; laghJaonhC,no rBte,cC caaiT nh,o Dma ncAenrn,d ErleiasG oenr,a ldine
MelisRsaag faoimrna kimnecg h antghbeeo otki talnetd;oR utVha nita ForbLeeseG,la an dDhiil,Gi apo nkBarriH,aa nt cJhaecHrka, w lBerya,n ­
anMdo nBaa chmfaonwrne lcommeit noMg o ntaInc ao.m pltehtiesd noInn graacmUk,e JwelMyintN,cu hm aArrkc,h PaantaMe iltS,rh aa rafi,
booakf tjeori ntihDneeg p artomfHe instt oSrtiucdaainletd sh D ee part­ DaSnh effieAlmdr,iS thao dhaenS ,tJeuplhJieennSsnua,p p-Montgomerie,
menfto trh Set uodfRy e liagtti hoUenn iveorfTs oirtoyIn w taon.tt o SherTAalrieU esnhT,ah akSkuasrVa,in s vanRautphVaai ns,w aannadt h,
thamnykn ecwo llehaegriuenCe asn afdotarh eeinrt huswiealsctoimce YurZohuo nCgo.n ducrteisneigan fr acrh- pfllaumcneegas rn esl yfirneg­
anfdo trh ehierli pnp utttihfineng i sthoiuncgoh nte hsme a nusacnrdi pt quenotntl hyhe o spiotfoa tlhieItrntys h r.ie sg Iaa rmed s,p ecgiraaltleyf ul
seeiittnh gr otuopg rhe ss. toR agahnuGd i rKiasrhn Satde,p LheegnAg r,c hPaantaRe olb,Re ritc ks,
Seveirnaslt itsuptoinostnohsrre ee ds etahrwaceth ni tn tthobi oso Ik . anHdi lSamriytS he.v eortahfler ri emnedasn,w hmialdteeh, re e search
ame specgiraaltfleoyafrS u clh olaarnCsdrh eiapt Aiwvaifrtrdyo M mo n­ inL ondMounm,b aDie,la hniAd,h medamboarfdeu Ann:u Gjhao salkar,
tanSat aUtnei vearnsadji utnyfi eolrl ofwrsothmhiA epm eriIcnasnt itute ZahJiarn mohaLmeeMoidr ,a nDia,nN na seemCuolrlnaehOl,'i Buosy le,
foIrn dSitaun dIai meas l.is nod etbott ehgdee nehreoluopsfs taatsff e v­ SurPiatraa RsahsahrWe,ae ddia anA,dr aZsatkuBi rau.Lc aew rebnaccek ed
erliablr aarniader sc hMiovnetsaS:nt aaU tnei verRseinLtniyeb' rsta hrey , thbioso fkr obme gintnoei nnwdgi tuhn flaegngeirangnggyd o ocdh eer,
BritLiisbhrC aarmyb,r Uindigvee LrisbirUtanyri yv,eo rfNs oitttyi ngham withwohuitic wtho uhladvb ee emnu chha rtdoew rr iOtveet.rh c eo urse
LibrNaerhyrM,ue morMiuasle uamnL di brtahrMeya ,h araSsthattrea ofm ancyo nversDaatvGiiiodln msa,sr htaipmneyi d n teirnteh hseit s tory
ArchitvhCeeas m,Ia n stitthFueot reGb,ue jsa Sraabthtiha Te,h eosophi­ ofl ibseerlaflh Ioo woaeds .i midleabtrtoS rinAirvaavsa mwuhdoasne,
caSlo ciAedtyyLa'irsb raanrRdye seCaerncthae nrtd,h B eu rLkieb raatr y stausnucphph oerltpm eetd ow ritthbeeo ojku,as sstu raehsli yws o rokn
UniTohne oloSgeimcianAlata rc yr.u mcoimaelin ntt h ree vipsrioocne ss, "guErnug lbiescha"om neoe fi tksei yn telcloeocrtduiaAnlna nBt uers­.
Ib enefiftreotdmh A em eriIcnasnt fiotIrun tdeiS atnud "iDeiss's ne rtatio leoiffne riendc ifseievdeob naa cnek a rdlriaoefftrt hi en trodauncIdt ion,
inBtooo wko"r ksihnMo apd isWoins,c oInw soiunll.idt k ote h aanloklf hopteoh avdeo njeu sttohi eccreo mmehnetrasesw , e tlohl e orw nw ork
thweo rksphaorpt iceisppaencLtiusakW,leh l iyt mfoortreh ,ef iere dback onF oucaFuilntaIw.l a lnytt,oe xtesnpde ctihaalnt koRs a ndSatlylae rs,
ont hper ojFeicntaI.wl oluyll,id tk ote h atnhkpe a rticiintp h2ae0n 1t3s- friaennmdde ntwohro isnet elgleencetruaoanslpdi r toyf eswsiisodnoaml
201S4I ASSu mmIenrs toint" uCtuel tEunrcaolu nwtheorr esv,i"vm iyfi ed havbee eanm ontghc eo ndiotfpio osnssi fbotirhl biiosto yk .
intelelneecrtdguuiarelits nw igon tenssuimvmmeeer e tiinnB gesra lnidn Iw anttot haCnakt hearniJdno ehB ni sfhoigrri vmiena gh omien
Durham. RaleaingtdhJo ,e aTnh,o rnatnoLdnu ,c Siclofeto htro miensa ltlho et her
Theed itooftr hSseo uAtshAi car tohsDesi scispelriainneetdssh t ew o placesi-sft,oha rla itf eotfli omavene sd u ppLoarbstut.ct e rintnlaoyt
anomnoyurse adfeotrrhs Ue n iveorfCs hiitcyPa rgeops rso vpiedrecde p­ leaDsatn,iE ellah ma wsi tneasnsndeu dr tutrhpeirdso jfeoacrslt o ng
tifveee dobnat chmkea nusactrse ivpsetrt aaolgfr ee sv iIwe awnt.to o ffer asI 'bveee wno rkoinni gtS .om ucohfw haIt' bveee anb tloet hiannkd
partitchualntakoGrs a uVriis wanfaotprhu asnhm ient gor ethtihnek wridtuer itnhtgii sm Ieo ,wt eoh imIc. a nnboetgt iopn u wto rtdoms y
boook'rsg aniiznwa atyitsoh nha atv seu bstainmtpiraoilvtlaesyrd g u­ gratiftohuripd sae t iehnigcsee n,e rhoisisin ttye,al nldea,cbt oa,vl ehl i,s
menFto.sr h ephetrhdmeia nngu sctrhirpottuh grehe vainepdwu blica­ companionship.
tiporno cIwe osusll,id tk ote h amnyke diPtroriN,ye al saoswn e,al Esll len
KladRkayn,d oPlepthia lnoAdsl ,aT nh omPaosr.t oifco hnasp 4tp erre vi­
ousalpyp eaars"e Ldu tihnte hrTe r opKiacrss:aM nudlaajnsitd h Ceo lo-
X
xi
INTRODUCTION
Priest
Agaitnhset
Enlightiesmn amnen'etsm ergefnrcohemi sse lf-imipmomsaetduI rmimtay­.
turiistt hyie n abtiloui stoeyn eu'nsd erstawnidtihgnougui td afnrcoeam n ­
other.
IMMANUEKLA NT",W HATI SE NLIGHTENMEN(T1?7"8 4)
Thew orhladss l efpomtra nlyo nagg edsr,e amdirnega mss eeivnigs ions,
Nigihtsth tei mweh etnh mea gicwiaavne sm yhsitse riouasn fda scinates
ande nthrtahsleel nss weistf ha ntastiNci gihttstrh iteci kmwseh, e inn terested
prieasntdhs i erophhoalntdth hseu masno uilnh opelienstse llbeocntduaagle
ansdp irsietruvailBt uuttdh ena,it g ohfdt a rkntehsdasit,s maanlhd i denoiugsh t
ofs upersatnidpt riioens htacgsro anfnete, v teorr e tuTrhnew, o rolfdt hought
seemtsoh avjeu aswta ketnoet hdse t earnnsd a crreeda loiftt riuetsh ,
KESHUB
CHUNDESRE N",G OD-VISIINOT NH EN INETEENCTEHN TURY("1 880)
Inh i1s8 8C0a lcTuotwtHnaa llle ctoun"r Geo d-Vision in
thNei neteCeenntthuK reys,hC"uh bu ndSeeprnr oclaimed
ane ntdo t hleo nngi gohfwt h atc ahlpelr si esTthcirsa ft.
wortdh,o uigmthu shta vsee emed olde-vfeianns hioned
188w0a,ns o nethceelnettsrohsa o lwK eshuunbd erstood
hirso alsaeH indu reHfiiosasr r meelrim,go idoeursdn ei­ty
fineadg aitnhpsert i aensidtit ,es m blemoafit teisrIc a nt. h e
coming dawsna,y psrK,ie es"shdturlbe yaa nmvdsi sions"
widlils sEovlevanef .t" esru persftaidatewisaho yon,w" e ver,
"reliwgiirleolmn a"ti rna,n smbuytt heed o ft ruTthhe,
ninetceeennttauhnr nyo,u Knecsehswu ibsl,el "e w itthhe
light
nakeeydae n,nd o tth rocuoglho grleads lstedsse ,n"i zens
wi"lrlus nt ratiotg hh"etD "i vPienrest oo"n s"He iema sH e
isw,i thaonumyte dium."
Keshub's s1 peech shtooau nlydoa ncse­o und familiar
quaiwnittemhda jmoord enranr raatbiotvuhethes i stoofr y
INTRODUCTION
AgaitnhPsert i est
Enlighteinsmm aenn'etsm ergefnrcoehm i sse lf-imipmomsaetdu rIimtmya.­
turiitsty h ien abitloui steoy n eu'nsd erstawnidtihnogguu ti dafnrcoeam n ­
otheIrM.M ANUEKLA NT",W HATI SE NLIGHTENMEN(T1?7"8 4)
Thew orlhda ssl efpotmr a nyl onagg edsr,e amdirnega amnsd s eeivnigs ions.
Nigihtsth tei mweh etnh mea gicwiaavneh sim sy sterwiaonudas,n df ascinates
ande nthrtahlsele sn sweistf ha ntatsrtiicNcki sg.ih tsth tei mweh einn terested
prieasntdhs i erophhaonlttdhs he u masno uilnh opelienstse llbeocntduaagle
ands piristeuravli Btuuttdh ean.ti gohfdt a rkntehsadsti, s maanldh ideonuisg ht
ofs upersatnidtp iroine sthcargsao fnten, e vteorr etuTrhnew. o rlodft hought
seemtsoh avjeu astw akenteotd h set earnnds acrreeda loiftt ireustK hE.S HUB
CHUNDESRE N",G OD-VISIINOT NH EN INETEENCTEHN TURY("1 880)
Inh i1s8 8C0a lcTuotwtHnaa llelc toun"r Geo d-Viins ion
thNei netCeeenntthuK reys,hC"uh bu nSdeern
ane ntdo t hleo nngi gohfwt h ahtec alls
wortdh,o uigmthu shta vsee emoeldd -fasehvieionnn ed
188w0a,ns o nethceelnettsrohsa o lwK eshuunbd erstood
hirso alsaeH inrdeuf orHmiiesasr . de­
fineadg aitnhpsert i aensidtit ,es m blemoafitt eisrIc a nt.h e
comidnagw Kne,s hsuabyp sr,i e"sdtrleyaa nmvdsi sions"
widlils sEovlevanef .t" esru persftaidatewisaho yon,w" e ver,
"reliwgiirloelnm a"ti rna,n smbuytt heed truTthhe.
nineteceennttauhnr nyo,u Knecsehswu ibsl,el "e w itthhe
nakeeydae n,nd o tth rocuoglho red" l tdse nizens
wi"lrlus nt ratiotg hh"etD "i vPienrest oo"n s"He iema sH e
isw,i thaonumyte dium."
Keshusbp'eses chh1o uslodu nfadm itloai nayro ance­
quaiwnittemhad j moord enranr raatbiovuets
INTRODUCTION THEP RIEST
reliAglitlohk nee. ey l emaernhete sr e-etphbieac t otfsl uep ersatnidt ion Three swualaspt r obleomfsa etlifc- gotvheawrtana sasi n mcpeo rttoa nt
scietnhcdeei ,s tibnecttwimeoaengn ai ncrd e lipgriooptneh prer, o gres­ latneart iotnhaoluiagsishtwt t a tson ineteentrhe-fcocerunmlt tuurrye .
sivpilsaotrtc c u lminiannt oitnhgli entsghs a ang limopfGs oedh im­ SpirDietsuphaolatt ssw b or oaaidm Fsi.ri sstte ,et kops r ovained xe­
selKfe.s2hn uobtt ehsse e culatrhirzouiftsn htgdi iss coaunrpdso el itely pandgeedn eaflotorhg leyi biedreaoalftl h see lf-goivnedrinviindgu al.
depafrrtoismti ,n sisltisikomne ag n,oy fh icso ntempotrhaamrtoi de­s, Byp ointtoia npgp araeffinntib teitewsse eecnua lnaPdrr te osttaencth ­
errne libgaiisotens n eooltnf t radiitnisotniastbl uu ottniu onnmediated noloogfit ehssee alnftd h eniirn eteentHhi-ncdceuon utnutreyr parts,
perseoxnpaelr ience. Ih opteos uggtehsaattn a yd equaactceoo ufang tl oballiibzgeeordva ­l
Ino thweorr tdosb ,o rrato ewr fmr oKma nwth,aK te shsuebe tmobs e ernmenhtaatsloc i o.ntsyail doenrag nefdra m re sshiiesrto ofrr eyl igious
callfioinrrsg e liegniloiugsh tIeifnit mis en ndte(.ea Tdsh eoAddoorr no subjecthiivsitttohyra-nytao i, tn cidewnatasas lilgyn,ip fiociaonnftt
anMda xH orkheriemmeatrrh k"e)u ncondfirteieofdnroaotmlmu telage referfeomnrec ter optohleiotorafinl s itbssee rlaflh Aosio nsdo .ww ell
whidcehfi nteheses seonfecn el ightetnhmeeennn lti,g"h tneencmeesn­t knowtnh,me o deirdneo afpl o liftrieceaadlro omcs oen curwrietnht ly
sareinltyaa nie lntsdot h nei gohtft hp er iePsrti.eg sutrhsui,se ,r ophants, empiarnetd o otkhc eh aionfts hc eo lonaisazp erdi ncfiopiSlloe.m 5e ­
magicainaodnt sh,fie gru roefts u terle3a lriyag uitohuosar rpieot tye nt thisnigm ilsl uagr,gh eosltid,nts h cea osfec olopnriiaeBlsr tistl.ii sbh­
symboofal ltslh eantl ightweonumdleidns ta evxotwe:ir nnflauleh nic­e, erdteyfi nietdsa eglafi" nHsitnp drui estacnrdia,ndf oti,sn"ogb , e came
erarcthriacdaialtn icdoo ne,rp coiwveer . entanwgiltHehid n ddui scoounrs speisrs ietlufa-lg ovCeornnsaen­ce.
BuatsK e shwuawbse alwla trhepi,rs o moifts oetf arle ewdaoismt sae lf quenatp lryo,gp eenre aolfloi gbye rsahloiupsllmdat chleei blse urbaject
delusOirpo,un bt.e titeten rt,a aic leerdtc aoinnt radaisnc ewtk iionnd,s withtihenix sp anfideeloddfi nqubiycr oyn sidtehmreui lntgti epclhe­
oft uteelmaegretg ofie ldtl hv eo tihdha atbd e elneb fytt h per iKeessth.u b niquoefss e lf-fotrhmawatet rmieoo bni lbiyez mepdi Irnte h.bi oso lk ,
forbahdieds i scfirpollmea sb ehliiman" gt eac"hTehrve"e :rg yo spel triantghurlseauetct ehe chnoolfto hgseie ealsstf h ecyi rcuilnta htee d
whiIch ha vleab iedf yoorduee nmiyem si ssaisaot ne acRheemre.m ber ninetceeennttluhir bye:r Parloitsems,ta anHndit nidsumi,s m.
thetnh bayta ccepiyttoi aunr gie n viobloaubtnliodyg naonrayeu thority Secoanndcd,o mplemeSnptiarrDiietlsuypsa,oel te tskod s e monstrate
Im acyl aaiysmo uprr iaensgdtu idKee.s"h"su tbr'isdn igseanvtoo hfwi asl thanti neteentHhi-ncdreuen ftomurormvy e mesnhtosub lesd t udied
staatscu hsa rismmoadteircng -udrauy-c hoimsm atnhdah itfs o llow­ alongostihrdeeerf omromv emeonftt hsep ierr siootd h awtec abne tter
erisg nhoircseo mmands-tmhapeko eicsnl te eanroluyFg rhe.e daosm , seheo wc oloHniinadlu sihsampm eadj moord edrins coaubrostuehtse
an ormaftoirvrceee m,a einnmse sihnne edt woorfik nss truwchtiicohn , natoufrte hs ee Mlofd.e Hrinn duiinos tmh,we orr sdhso,u blesd i tuated
enstuhreaent lighteanlmweaanlytrs e caodnyt tahitenr sa ocfte ust elage synchroinnri eclaalttloeiy mo,pn ia rnend,o j tu dsita chroinnri eclaal­ly,
asi tgsr ouanncddo ndiotfbi eoinn g. tiotnop recotlroandiiaRtlei aodmnio.nd ge Hrinn duciosnmt rapuntally
Myb ooekx pltohrcieossn trabdyia cstkhiiononwgni neteenth-centuirnry e lattoBi rointI sa uigng,ae llsotmw,os d eHrinn tdhui ntkoee mresr ge
Hindrue fortmheerosrt ihzpeeo dw oefrp rieAslttsh.oa utgthao cnk s ast heoirnti hsetoiswr nr igwhhtow, e rienc onverwsiattthhi eocinor n ­
prieswtecrureba ifqtu iinct ooluosIn nidatilha pe,e riroidac'rhsc hoifv e temporoaurtisIeinsdd eIi nad.e beysd t,u dtyhiheni gs tooflr iyb seurba­l
anticwlreirtihicasnasegl l dboemes ny stemasttiucdIaai lerldghy.uo ew,­ jectciovnittrya pwuenc tasanel helo ywt, w entietthh-ecoelrniitksuetr sy
evetrh,ta htse p ecotfte hcrer apfrtiywe ascstr uctioha olwt hpeo liotfi cs MaxW ebaenrMd i chFeolu cianuhletra pi rtoebdl eomfsa ptiirscie tlufa­l
reliwgeiruoenn d erasttt hotioisdm Aetl. e aassitm poratsta hnOetr ien­ rutlheta oto skh appaer itncl oyl oInnidaila .
talriesptr eseonfHt iantdiuaoinnsod mt hreerl itgriaoduiswt aitsoh nes Thiisn trodluactythsige or no undfwotorhr pikrs o jbeydc etv eloping
effotrort e fohrumm asnu bjbeyfc rtese tihnefgmr oemx terrenlailg ious at heoraectciocouaftnl ht re e latiboentswhpeirepin e sotrcs rpaifrti,­
influeBnyac nea.l yaznitnigc lteerxtithcsbe,ao los kh ohwoswt hcer i­ tuhaelt eroannoadms yc,e toirsc piisrmsi,et lufaA-lsra w u hloeil.ate s, k s
tiqoufse p irdietsupaolit nci oslmo Innidagilaa vr eit sote h ied eoaftl h e whetthhegere neaolfso egcyu lianSr oiusAtmsh wi oau llodod ki fferent
self-sruubljEievnceagtnrs . e fordmeecrrtsihs eepd i rpiotwuoeapfrlr iests, iifwt e rcee ntoenrt ehpder ireasttth heatrnh s eo versetiaEgtxnep .l oring
thepyr omonteetwdy poefrs e lidgiisocuisbp yml oibniel Hiizniadnnugd onpeo ssaiffibrlmea atnisvwteeot r hq iuse stIdi eofinsn,ee c ularaisz ation
Proteasstcapenrttai ccat niedcx etse ntdhietnmowg o rlhdoluys eholders.t heex firto pmr iesatsccreatfcitoc:ri rsemst poso encdusl ianrsioasfsma r
l 3
INTRODUCTION AGAINSTTH EP RIEST
botcho nntohtceer itaiuctaolno otfmh yue n tutionrdeidv Biodtuihan,l . dictwioornla,ds lcye taircgiushameb ilgyh tthteeen nss bieotnw teheens e
othweorr dbse,c ofimgeu rfeossre lfA-srP ueltBeee.rr ognecroe b served, twpoo les.
seculacrai"nzs attfaiontordhnl e i beroafmto idoemnra nnf rorme ligious Thtiesns isotnr uctthgueer neesa lnoagrircaaabtloit uvhteee m ergence
tutelTahgicesl. e"aKralnytf ioarnm ulIaa trigodunie,s, ta di olmlisn ant ofm odesrunb jectthWiaevtbi ietnryf lueonuttilaiilnhnl ieTysdh P er otes­
narr6aa tbiotvuhetee m ergoefsn ecceu slealrf hSoeocdu.l aanrsdie slmf ­ taEntth aintcdh Sep iorCfia tp it(a1l9i2Ts0hmb)e o. o nka'rsr uantfiovled s
rumlaeyn obtee quivtaelrebmnustft; r oKma nfto rwtahrehdya, vb ee en int wpor inmcoivpelmee FnitrWsse.tb s,eu rg gPersottse,s gteannetriaslm­
imagiinnce ldor seel attooi noaenn other. izmeodn asdtiiscc itpotl hlieanp yeo pularteiiomnag,ga isncientsioc ism
Inw hafto lllbo lwtushr,le i bneet wteheenoa rnhydi stiontr hsyet yle thiactto ublepd r actwiictehtdihw neo rIldtdi .td h piasr vtiltayh L eu ­
ofp ostcosltoundaiinaoedlts h fieerlw dist hwihnaa trs eo metciamlelse d thernaont ioof"n t chael l(iBnegrw"uh fi)cc,eh l eb"rtafhtueel dfi llment
th"en ehwu maniBtyia epsp.r"o aMcahWxi enbge nro'tsio of"n w orldly ofd utiynw orladfflayai str hshe i ghfeosrwtmh itchhme o raaclt iovfi ty
ascetitchirsotmu"hge ehm ergmeentth odoolfwo hgaictea sbn e d e­ thien divcioduualasdls u8mI ent. hw"eo rbludnt o otfi tW,e bePrr'ost es­
scriabsce odn ne(crtaittvhheea crno mparraetliivIget i)rto yorn e,t hink tanwtosrh ka rndo,bt e caiubtsr eit nhgespm l eabsuubtre ec,ai uittss he e ir
thanto tiOovnet.rh c eo uorfst ehd ei scuIsi snitoenrW,le ebaewvrre'i st ­ divionredlayid nuetSdye .c otnhdwi,os r ladslcye tliactdieisrsm p ensed
inognsa scetwiicttihhs omos foe t htehre o(rGiasntdFsho iu,c aTualyt­, witthhP er otedsotcatntrthi ahntaeg d i vreints oiei t n t hfier pslta ce.
loIrt )h.et nu trnoa n e xtencdleordse ea doitfnh sget oorfEy k alfarvoyma Thweo rekt htihca( tiP na rsmouncsh'-sq turoatnesdol Wfae tbieotrnh) e
the whiIcu hst eod evealm oopdo eftl h weo rladslcyae st ic Puriwtoarnlesi a k" el icglhotha akss"i nbceec oamn"e i rcoang "eT"h:e
Mahabharata,
situwaittehadino n p en-ennedtewodof tr ukt erlealraytT ih'oirnses fi.g ­ Puriwtaanntt eowd o rikna c allwiean rgfe;o rtcode ods oF.ow rh eans ­
urewdo rladslcyes ttircu cmtuucroheft s hr ee osfSt p irDietsupaTolht es . cetiwcaicssa mr roiuoetfmd o nascteilicln ste ov erlyidafaneybd, e gan
remaionftd heiern trodruecttutirootnn hst e e rrmaairnkb eyKd e shub tod ominwaotrelm dolrya liditit idytp ,sa irntb uiltdhitenr ge mendous
ChundSeernc 'osm meonntp sr iesHtocwrI,aa sfdkti,.ad n ticclreir­ical cosmoofts hm eo deercno noomridceO rn.cb"eu itlhtci,os s mboesc ame
tiqsuheas pueb jecitnci ovlioItnnyid aWilha a?dt i idmt e atnod efiInne­ self-suOsftc ariunciiimnapglo. r tf9 aotnrhc nieas r raittsih avene a lytic
diamno derangiatitynh psert i Tehsietn ?t rodcuocntcilowunid taehns distitnhcWatetib odenrr a bwest weetehnai ncddso ctrtihheni es:to ofr y
outloifhn oewt hfeo llocwhianpegtx eprlsto hreqesu ee stions. thPer oteestthiaissnce t m i-indoeftp heheni dsetonofPtr r yo testantism.
Ap erscoatnnh uisn hetrhPiert o tewsotreaktn htwic i thboeuitPn rgo t­
estoaren vte Cnh risItnidaeonen.dce ,o usladty h tahtPe r oteestthainct
anAds ceticism assuimtmesos sc th aracotrie drefiaoslrto imnc la yf tihetar ls e tfht"e P rot­
estabneth"is notd h abtyf, o rocfee t hailco enveea,nn a thewiiwlsoltra ks
Thkee cyo nctehpaIttt a ukpea nrde viinSs pei rDietsupiaoMslta sWx e ­ thouhgeshro duelp eonnid ts.
bern'ost ioof"n w oralsdcleyt -iacn iostmit"oh nwa atcs e nttrohai clsr i­ ThPer oteEstth(aiincnt i ptuiballilisyn1h 9e0d4a -n5ld a treerv ifsoerd
tiqoufme o decranp itaaswl eialsslhm i cso mparraetsievoaenrw cohr ld republiinc1a 9t2bi0ro)on u agp hrto minniennett eentnha-rcrean­tury
religTiaolncPsoa.tr ts( oWnesb terra'nss alnamdta ojArom re riicnatne r­ tiavbeo tuhtoe r igoiWfne ss tmeordne rinnitttohyt e w entcieentthu ry,
prectheorts)he "i sse empianrgaldyot xeiracmsaa"r l e ndeorWfie nbge r's whialless uob starnettihailtnlhkynai atnr gr aCtoimvpeafo.rre e x,a mple,
innerwAeslkte"lswiehc,imh ceeha anssc etpircaicswtmii tctheidhwn eo rld JamMeisl 1l8'2cs0l atihmat thP er oteRsetfaonrtm "attoitaoalnlt leyr ed
acso ntrwaistathue sds erAwseklweths/ieiwc,cih ht eh dfrraotwmhsw e o rld thceo ndiotfhi uomnan na tuarneed,x almtaentd ow hamta yb ec alled
(fionrs tianntacmo eo nas.t..e.Ir ityos )n oeft hper ipmoei onfth si s ad iffesrteanogtfee x istoerTn hcoem"Ca asr l1y8l4ce1l' asti hma" tP rot­
[Webeers'stsah]yaa ts cetdiocenisosn tme etdof lfereo tmhw eo rtlod estanittsih gserm a rnodfo rto wmh iocuhwr h oslueb seEquureonpte an
bea sce7I tofit ch.e"rwaosrcledtleiync tiaasni mel gsa otfti howeno riltds, Histborrayn ocuhte1°F.s o" Mril aln Cda rlPyrloet,e sitwsah natmtia srmk s
worlcdoluyn terrepsatrroetrli egtsio to hnwe o rbludwt,i thtohuetr eby Britaasdi inff efrreonamtn s du petroii tcosur l toutrhaelr s-tohtahte,r s
resoltvhiiemn pgl tieendsb ieotnw reeelni agniwdoo nr ldlIinndeesesd., noitn cideinwtta iasntl hlpeyr ,o coecfso sl ondiuzriitnhngveg e preyr iod
asa" seempianrgaldyo txeirscmta rlu"c atruoruaennidd n tecronnatlr a- inw hiMcihal nlCd a rlwyelrmeea kitnhgec slea iImIfsr .e lCaantdh'osl i-
s
4
INTRODUCTION THEP RIEST
cisrme veiattlob e ead ta ne ar"lsiteoarfeg xei sttehnaEcnne g"l aanndd thaIt utsoee x paintsdsc oapnerd e thiitsnstk a Iknet shc.eh aptthearts
Scotlsaotn oddoi, d IHnidnidau'iss m. follmoowso,tft hetseer amrste a kfernon mi neteentthe-xcItensn .t ury
Lihkieps r edecWeesbspeolrra sPc,re ost estaattn hrteoi oosftWm e st­ thiinst rodbuycc otnitoIrnw a,os rttkos, i tuatwei tWahet ibhnee ro retical
ermno derbnuihtted y o,et shi inasw atyh pautht isma tac onsiderable convertshapatotis otndt ahnteie nse teentehv ewcnhe inrlteeum rayi,n ­
remofvreot mhl ei koefMs i alnlCd a rlTyhlPeer .o teEstthoaiffnceat rc sr i­ inign debitte.d to
tiqnuoeat,c elebroafmt oidoesnro,nc iaentidygt ,o eosuo tfi twsa tyo Thmea jtoerrt mh Iaa tl iwgintw ho rladslcye tiiMsc. Ki .Gs amn dhi's
avotihdse i mpclaeu sal( scolmaeitamit mtersit bou tWeedb er) that tnhoet ioofsn w aorra" js elfW-irtughlo eor.de" a sGoann,dh haibs e edne ­
Reformcarteiacotanep di t1aE lviessnomt ,.h b1eo opka'ss sqiunogt ation scriabase" dw orldlyD uarsihcnilegsit fiecpt.oi"pm uesl,oa ndrge ss cribed
froCma rliysil ned icNaitnievtee.e ntdhi-scceonnuterucsreeyss s arily hima sn as annnyasa asnis naeriita,hr eern unncoiaraw notr lhdoluys e­
provtihbdeae c kdtroWo epb er's arPguurmietn"atsn titaoshttomah d te hol1d6e frAe. dwe caldaetsLe lro,ay ndSd u saRnundeo ilnpfhl uentially
craodfml oed eercno nommain1c.2 " analyzed wGoarnladdshlciye' tsii nec xipslmi Wceibtelrtyie arnbm ys
Webedre'btstoe arcliiveirl idziastciooaunrragslueb aseb claymm oer e compahriimtn oBg e njaFmriann kWleibnep,ra 'rsa dfiotgrhm Pe r otes­
pronoubnectewd1e 9e0an5n 1 d9 2a0hs, eb roadheinrsee ds eoanrt chhe taentth 17iA cb .etctoemrp arIis suogngw,eo sutbl,edt oW ebheirm self.
Proteestthiainncattc o o mpariantqiuovinter h ye eceotnhooimftci hsce AftaelrWl e,b e(rb1 .8 6a4n)Gd a nd(hbi1. 8 6w9e)rc el ocsoen tempo­
worrledl igIindo onissno.gh, ei ncreacsaimtneosg ulgyg est that ther arriisees , whose PmraojtoeErst th(wai1onc9rt 0k a4sn--Hd5Ti )hnS edw araj
ofP rotestaanstc ewtoeirxclpidlslwamyhi ymn osd ecranp itdaelvieslm­ (1909-10)-waiptpheiyane rafieorvdfose n o et hTehrte.w toe xmtosr,e ­
opeidnE uroapnnedo etl sewWheebreecr.o' msp armaettihdvoiedff ered ovetra,ku epa c losreellyas teoetftd h emaessk,hi onwge thiocrts h,e
frotmh oafmt a noyfh icso ntempfoorwrah roicmeo sm,p arraetliivgei on pracotfti hcseee clafsn,h alpaer egceorn oamnipdco liftoircAmassl.
waosf taej num seta onfs" provPirnogt"eC shtrainstt siuapneirtiyo'rsi ty recsecnhto lahrasssth riepGs asneddwh,aia s sm ucahp olitthiecoarli st
toi trse liogtiho1eu3Er svs es.no h ,iw so rrke maoifanp si ewcieti htt si mes. ash ew aasp olitIiitcs i athnhi.ugt shi mteh awtet oohki ma sW eber's
ConsequPeentvtealrdny e ,Vr e ehrac sa llfeodtr h dee veloopfm ent countertphaerotor-fwia os rtl adslcye tiinhc iiossw mnr igrhatt,h er
a" post-Wperboejrteihcasatnet" at ssi tdhese e afroccrhi vaitliioeznsa­l thaanno bjteowc hthi t cheioasrp yp lied.
senicnfe asv oofar n aloyf"s niest woofhr iksst oirnitcearla14 cA tshi eon." Byt akGianngd ahsait heoIrs iusgtgw,ee cs otm,te oa r eviusnedde r­
remaWrekbse,Pr r'ost eEstthiaiasntc te t xhta tt ofa aciclofsuo nrt Protes­ stanodfiW negb er's goefwn oeralaldsolcgyey t Giacnidsihmni.d icates
tanthioslmod'nc s a pitmaoldiesrbtne ictayiu nis ters,u sthoP rotestant thwaets ohuladp peatn hdi mrodv emteoWn etb enra'rsr aatfitivwetear :s
orig(ianntsdh upsr,e sumtah"beel sys,eo nPfc reo"t estiantne tgilsemc)t,s relefarsotemhdm e o nasitnettrhoywe o rtlhde,ir nseo r eatsoao ns sume
thmeo re recenotif t omswo hnoi rsitnocgrosin cjaulni cntt hcueor leo nial thaastc ethiacadis simn gliet-isnteeornpad riiyntt,gsr awvietlthsha es ­
ninetceeennttThuo tr hye.o trhiPezr eo teestthaminuctc,l h e tsops o se cetciacp itRaaltihissetter .e,m m osr ree asotnoaas bslutemh eao tn,cm eo ­
a compaqruaetsiatvbieooi untot ,n fier hsatts op aristrese latitoon ship bili"zPerdo,t essetlafn-td"ri esmcaiiponlntei hdnme eo ve.
empi15lr neo .thweorr idnss,t oefaa sdk hionwPg r otewsotralandstlc ye ti­ Wheinat r riivnIe nddf ioaer,x amptlhPeer, o teestthdaiincst c overed
ciscmo mptaoor tehsfe orr omfrs e lisguibojuesc wtesi hvoiubtleyad ,s k­ ana ffiniftovyra riporuasc otfitc hseees l f aswsiotHchii natdtruea dd i­
inhgo wi cto nnteotc htesim np artihciusltaocrro inctaeIlxnp t lsao.cf e tioInit.ts h ciosn junocfPt ruortee asntHdai nntad suc ettihciaints­ ms
comparraetliivtgehi eownnef,, i tnhdee m ergent meotfwh hoadto logiest ermeesi tnts h bioso Okn.ec ouolfdc ,ou rssteut,dh yci osn juncture by
coubledd e scrais"b ceodn nercetliivgaedi iosnc,i"p lwionuel dt htaatk e sevmeeraanlSs o.ms ec hohlaavtrers a hcoewPd r otestarnets hnaopremds
thceu ltcurroasls coufer mrpeianrsitet cs sr itsitcaarlt ing point. three lipgriaocuotsfSi ocueAt shi ealnid tuersti hnnegi netceeennttuhr y,
18
Thbioso ikms e aanastc ontritbotu htlaiator npg reorjB eyrc etr.o uting resuilnth iynbgrc iudl tfuorralmlis "k Per otBeusdtdahnitOs tmh.e"rs
worladslcye ttihcrioseummg phi Ira et,t etmoap lttt ehre aorfcTh hiev e havaes kwehde tahs ehra erceodn obmaismcea hya vseh apNeodr Atth­
ProteEstthsaiotnc ht aw tec arne imaigatis an nee x ericnci osnen ective lanatniSdco uAtshi raenl iagliioTknhesu. as sB, r iHaant cihmeprl ies,
ratthheacrno mparraetliiSvguei caohnne .n deanveocre sesnatrdaieil­lys itfh "eb ourHgienodiusoi fsC ma"l cuetltisatt'ers o rnegclWayel blesr 's
natucreirntogafW i enb ekret'yes r ms-swtiat"rhwt oirnalgsd cleyt icism" bourgPerooitse stthmaiansayt tst,te oas net l ecatffiinvibete yt ween neo­
19
itsTehlrfo.u gShpoiurDtie tsupaIoll ti tsnh,kti esr tmos eveortahtlee rr ms Vedaannttdah b eo urgeroaittshhieaetrn o P roteisntfalnuptee snrec .e
7
6