spirit leveling in ohio

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL
GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director
Bulletin 651
SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO
1898 TO 1916, INCLUSIVE
R. B. MARSHALL, CHIEF GEOGRAPHER
Work done in cooperation with the State of Ohio
C. E. Sherman, Inspector
i
Qv. 75
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
30 CENTS PER COPY
CONTENTS.
« . ______
Page.
Introduction.............................................................. 5
Cooperation.......................................................... 5
* Previous publication.................................................. 5
Personnel............................................................. 5
Classification.............................................'............. 5
Bench marks......................................................... 6
Datum............................................................... 6
Topographic maps..................................................... 8
Precise and primary leveling.............................................. 8
f Appendix................................................................. 429
Index......................^............................................. 433
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATE I. Map of Ohio showing vertical control January 1,1916 ............ 5
II. Geological Survey bench marks.................................. 6
3
4-
V
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 651 PLATE I
A*R R
MAP OF
OHIO
SHOWING VERTICAL CONTROL
January 1, 1916
Nantes printed in red are names of quadrangles mapped by United States Geological Survey
e 1.000,066
5 jo is 20 26 Miles
LEGEN D
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey precise levels
U. S. Corps of Engineers precise levels
Railroad precise levels
* - U. S. Geological Survey precise levels
U. S. Geological Survey primary levels
Permanent bench marks
NOTE: MAPS OF OHIO PORTIONS OF QUADRANGLES ALONG
THE INDIANA STATE LINE WILL BE COMBINED FOR PUBLI KENOVA HUNTINGTON
CATION WITH ADJACENT MAPS ON THE EAST
Base compiled from post route map, and United States Geological
Survey one-millionth scale map
SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO, 1898 TO 1916,
INCLUSIVE.
R. B. MARSHALL, Chief Geographer.
INTRODUCTION.
Cooperation. The State of Ohio contributed financially to the
\. . work in the State during the years 1900 to 1915, inclusive, and was
* represented by C. N. Brown, inspector, in 1901-2 and by C. E.
^ Sherman, inspector, from 1902 to 1916.
^ Previous publication. All results of spirit leveling in Ohio pre
viously published by the United States Geological Survey in Bulle-
*4fc tins 411, 476. and 518 and all the results of later work are included
in this report. All elevations are in agreement with the 1907 adjust
ment of precise leveling and were not changed by the 1912 adjustment.
Primary or precise leveling has been extended over the entire
State; every quadrangle and every county has several bench marks
^ well distributed within its area. The bench marks are grouped by
quadrangles, arranged alphabetically.
Personnel. The field work during 1898 to 1902. inclusive, was done
* under the direction of H. M. Wilson and J. H. Renshawe, geog
raphers in charge of eastern and central divisions of topography,
respectively, Ohio being then apportioned half to each; that dur-
V. ing 1903 to 1906, inclusive, was done under H. M. Wilson, geogra-
pher; that during 1907 was done under Frank Sutton, geographer;
and that since 1907 was done under W. H. Herron, geographer. The
* , work since January, 1908, was done under the general direction of
^ R. B. Marshall, chief geographer. The names of. the respective level-
men are given in the introductions to the several lists. The office
4 work of computation, adjustment, and preparation of lists was done
mainly by S. S. Gannett, geographer, under the general direction of
E. M. Douglas, geographer.
* Classification. T he elevations are classified as precise or primary,
according to the methods employed in their determination. For
precise-level lines instruments and rods of the highest grade are
V . used, each line is run both forward and backward, and every precau
tion is taken to guard against error. The allowable divergence be-
5
SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO. » ^
±
tween the forward and the backward lines in feet is represented by
the formula 0.017 -^/D, in which D is the distance in miles between
bench marks. For primary lines standard Y levels are used; lines
are run in circuits or are closed on precise lines, with an allowable *
closing error in feet represented by 0.05 -/D, in which D is the length
of the circuit in miles, sufficient care being given to the work to ^
maintain this standard. For levels of both classes careful office
adjustments are made, the small outstanding errors being distributed
over the lines.
Bench marks. The standard bench marks are of two forms. The +
first form is a circular bronze or aluminum tablet (G and E, PL II),
3| inches in diameter and one-quarter inch thick, having a 3-inch »
stern, which is cemented in a drill hole in solid rock in the wall of
some public building, a bridge abutment, or other substantial masonry
structure. The second form (F, PI. II), used where masonry or rock <
is not available, consists of a hollow wrought-iron post 3£ inches in 4
outer diameter and 4 feet in length, which is set about 3 feet in the
c5 7 M^fc
ground.' The bottom ig spread out to a width of 10 inches in order
to give a firm bearing on the earth. A bronze or aluminum-bronze
cap is riveted upon the top of the post. A third style of bench mark j^
with abbreviated lettering (B and Z>, PL II) is used for unimportant
points. This consists of a special copper nail 1£ inches in length
driven through a copper washer seven-eighths inch in diameter. The
tablets as well as the caps on the iron posts are appropriately lettered,
and where States have cooperated in the work the fact of such co- -
operation is indicated by the addition of the State name (G-, PL II).
A third form consists of a copper bolt 1 inch in diameter and 4 inches
long, which is split at one end and expanded in a drill hole in *
masonry by driving on a brass wedge. But few of this class have
been used in Ohio, and their use has now been discontinued. ^
The numbers stamped on the bench marks described in the follow- ^
ing pages represent the elevations to the nearest foot as determined
by the levelman. These numbers are stamped with j^-inch steel dies
on the tablets or post caps to the left of the word " feet." The office
adjustment of the notes and the reduction to mean sea level datum
may so change some of the figures that the original markings are *
1 or 2 feet in error. It is assumed that engineers and others who ^
have occasion to use the bench-mark elevations will apply to the
Director of the United States Geological Survey, at Washington,
D. C., for the adjusted values, and will use the markings as identifi-
cation numbers only.
Datum. All elevations determined by the United States Geological
Survey and United States Coast and Geodetic Survey are referred to ^
mean sea level, which is the level that the sea would assume if the
influence of winds and tides were eliminated. This level is not the
BULLETIN 651 PLATE II
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BENCH MARKS.
^4, Tablet used in cooperating States. The State name is inserted at G.
B and D, Copper temporary bench mark, consisting of a nail and copper washer.
A, C, and E, Tablets for stone or concrete structures.
Ft Iron post used where there is no rock.
INTRODUCTION. 7
elevation determined from the mean of the highest and the lowest
tides, nor is it the half sum of the mean of all the high tides and the
mean of all the low tides, which is called the half-tide level. Mean
sea level is the average height of the water, all stages of the tiav being
considered. It is determined from observations made by means of
tidal gages placed at stations where local conditions, such as long,
narrow bays, rivers, and like features, will not affect the height of
the water. To obtain even approximately correct results these obser
vations must extend over at least one lunar month, and if accuracy is
desired they must extend over several years. At ocean stations the
half-tide level and the mean sea level usually differ but little. It is
assumed that there is no difference between the mean sea levels de
termined from observations in the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of
Mexico, and the Pacific Ocean.
The connection with tidal stations for bench marks in, certain areas
that lie at some distance from the seacoast is still uncertain, and this
fact is indicated by the addition of a letter or word to the right of
the word " Datum " on tablets or posts. For such areas corrections
for published results will be made from time to time as the precise-
level lines of the United States Geological Survey, the United States
Coast and Geodetic Survey, or other Government organizations are
extended. The precise-level net in Ohio is composed of the Coast and
Geodetic Survey lines from Belpre west via Cincinnati to the State
line, from Toledo south to Cincinnati, from Deshler to Chicago Junc
tion, and from Alliance to Youngstown; the Army Engineers' lines
along Ohio and Muskingum rivers; the Baltimore & Ohio Rail
road lines from near Lowellville to Chicago Junction and from War
wick to Wheeling; the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Rail
road line from East Palestine to Massillon; and lines run by the
United States Geological Survey, record of which is given in this
bulletin, from Cleveland to Canton, from Ottawa via Roselm and
Evansport to Haskins, from Chillicothe to Portsmouth, from Chilli-
cothe to Columbus, and from Columbus to Uhrichsville and Station
Fifteen. In the adjustment made by the Coast and Geodetic Survey
the weights assigned to the various links of the net were dependent
on their length, the method of leveling used, and the comparative
results. The recent precise leveling by the Coast and Geodetic
Survey, and by the Geological Survey, received the greatest weight
and were very little distorted by adjustment, but the railroad lines
were considerably altered. The best theoretical value for the junc
tion-point elevations were in most cases not actually adopted, the
heights by the 1903 adjustment being allowed to stand where the
difference was within the range of uncertainty, thus making less
correction to lists already prepared and published. Thus the former
elevations on lines from Toledo to Cincinnati, and from Cleveland
8 SPIRIT LEVELING IN OHIO. ^
to Canton, are retained by the Coast and Geodetic Survey as the
adopted elevations by the 1912 adjustment. The elevations adopted
in this bulletin for Uhrichsville and points thence to Massillon,
Zanesvrlle, and Wheeling differ also from those adopted by the Coast
and Geodetic Survey, the result of an easement made to give greater
weight to the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad line between Uhrichsville
and Wheeling, which was checked by primary circuits of 1908.
Topographic maps. All of the quadrangles for which leveling
data are given in this publication have been surveyed and the result
ing topographic maps have been published or soon will be published
by the United States Geological Survey.
These maps may be obtained for 10 cents each or $3 for 50, except
the Cincinnati double sheet, which is 20 cents, on application to the
Director of the Survey at Washington, D. C.
PRECISE AND PRIMARY LEVELING.
AKKON QUADRANGLE.
[Latitude 41°-41° 15'; longitude 81° 30'-81° 45'.]
Precise leveling by Baltimore & Ohio R. R. L
From Akron southwest to Barberton.
Akron, Summit County, 600 feet east of Union Station, in east end
of retaining wall on north side of tracks; copper bolt (B. & O. Feet..
b. m. 441) __________________________________ 1, 009.189
Akron, 1 mile southwest of Union Station, in southwest end of north
west coping of culvert along Cleveland, Akron & Columbus Ry.
tracks; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 442)________________ 993.911
Akron, 3.5 miles southwest of, on Cleveland, Akron & Columbus Ry,
bridge over old canal; copper bolt (B. & O. b. m. 443) ________ 976. 936
Barberton station; southeast corner of stone doorsill at entrance to
ladies' waiting room (B. & O. b. m. 441) ________________ 968.109
>
Primary leveling by W. E. Earle in 1903 and £. I. Shea in 1903.
From Hudson west along highway to Peninsula, thence south via Everett to
Akron.
Peninsula, in northwest corner of city hall; aluminum tablet stamped
" 711 Cleveland " _____________________________ 711.167
Everett, east side of canal lock, on third stone from south gate;
chiseled cross ___________________________ 719.97 <
Ira station, iron bridge over Cuyahoga River, northwest stone pillar,
in top stone; chiseled cross_______________________ 729. 722 >
Botzum, in northeast stone abutment of bridge over Ohio Canal;
aluminum tablet stamped " 753 Cleveland "_______________ 752. 890
Cranmer flag station, 1,000 feet north of, southeast stone abutment of
road bridge over canal, on second step from bottom; chiseled cross- 765. 99
Akron, 1.5 miles north of, fifth canal lock north of West North Street, - ^
in northeast corner of stone wall; chiseled cross___________ 787.90
Akron, 175 feet west of Howard Street station, iron bridge of Cleve-
land, Terminal & Valley R. R. over Howard Street, in southeast
stone abutment; chiseled cross_____________________ 884.62