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Modern Studies in Philosophy SPINOZA MODERN STUDIES IN PmLOSOPHY is a series of anthologies presenting contemporary interpretations and evaluations of the works of major philosophers. The editors have selected articles designed to show the systematic structure of the thought of these philosophers, and to reveal the relevance of their views to the problems of current inter est. These volumes are intended to be contributions to contemporary debates as well as to the history of philosophy; they not only trace the origins of many problems important to modem philosophy, but also introduce major philosophers as interlocutors in current discussions. MODERN STUDIES IN PHILOSOPHY is prepared under the general edi torship of Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, Kings College, Cambridge Uni versity. MARJORIE GRENE is Professor of Philosophy at the University of California at Davis. She is the author of Sartre, Approaches to Philo sophical Biology, Introduction to Existentialism, Martin Heidegger, Portrait of Aristotle, and Knower and the Known. lvlodern Studies in Philosophy Amelie Oksenb erg Rorty General Editor SPINOZA A Collection of Critical Essays EDITED BY MARJORIE GRENE 1973 Anchor Books Anchor Press/Doubleday Garden City, New York This anthology has been especially prepared for Anchor Books and bas never before appeared in book form. Anchor Books edition: 1973 ISBN: 0-385-01216-0 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-96276 Copyright © 1973 by Marjorie Grene All Rights ReseFVed Printed in the United States of America First Edition "Behind the Geometrical Method," from The Philosophy of Spinoza, by H. A. Wolfson, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1934, Vol. I, Chapter I, pp. 3-31. Reprinted by permission of the author and of Harvard University Press. "Spinoza and Language" by David Savan, from The Philosophical Review .67 (1958), pp. 212-225. Reprinted by permission of the author and of The Philosophical Review. "Language and Knowledge in Spinoza" by G. H. R. Parkinson, from Inquiry 12 (1969), pp. 15-40. Reprinted by permission of the author and of Inquiry. "Spinoza's Theory of Knowledge in the Ethics" by Guttorm Fl!llistad, from In quiry 12 (1969), pp. 41-65. Reprinted by permission of the author and of Inquiry. "Spinoza and the Theory of Organism" by Hans Jonas, from Journal of the His tory of Philosophy, Vol. 3 (1965), pp. 43-58. Copyright by the Regents of The University of California. Reprinted from the Journal of the History of Philosophy, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 43-58, by permission of the Regents. ''The Two Eyes of Spinoza," translated by Mr. Oscar Swan from Leszek Kola kowski, "Dwoke Oczu Spinozy," Anrynome Wolnosci, Wilna, 1966, pp. 219- 229, by permission of the author and his agent. "Spinoza and the Idea of Freedom" by Stuart Hampshire, from the Proceedings of the British Academy 46 (1960). Reprinted by permission of the author and of The British Academy. "Substance and Its Modes," from Benedict de Spinoza by H.F. Hallett,-London, The Athlone Press, 1957, Chapters I-ID, pp. 9-43. Reprinted by permission of The Athlone Press. "Spinoza's Letter on the Infinite,'' translated by Kathleen McLaughlin from Martial Gueroult, Spinoza, Vol. I, Paris: Aubier-Montaigne, 1968, Appendix IX, pp. 500-528. By permission of the author and the publisher. "The Ontological Argument in Spinoza" by William A. Earle, from Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 2 (1951), pp. 549-554. Reprinted by per mission of the author and of Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. '~Eternity and Sempiternity'' by Martha !{neale, from ProceedilJ.gS of the A risto telian Society 69 (1968-69), pp. 223-238. Reprinted by courtesy of the Editor of the Aristotelian Society. © 1969 The Aristotelian Society. Other volumes in the Modem Studies in Philosophy Series: AUGUSTINE BERTRAND RUSSELL HEGEL HOBBES AND ROUSSEAU KANT KIERKEGAARD LEIBNIZ NIETZSCHE PLATO I PLATO II RYLE SARTRE THE PHILOSOPHY OF SOCRATES WITTGENSTEIN CONTENTS Introduction xi PART ONE Spinoza's Method H. A. WOLFSON Behind the Geometrical Method 3 E. M. CURLEY Experience in Spinoza's Theory of Knowledge 25 DAVID SAVAN Spinoza and Language 60 G. H. R. PARKINSON Language and Knowledge in Spinoza 73 GUTTORM FLOISTAD Spinoza's Theory of Knowledge in the Ethics 101 PART Two Metaphysics H.F. HALLETT Substance and Its Modes 131 ALAN DONAGAN Essence and the Distinction of Attributes in Spinoza's Metaphysics 164 MARTIAL GUEROuL T Spinoza ·s Letter on the Infinite 182 WILLIAM A. EARLE The Ontoiogical Argument in Spinoza :213 WILLIAM A. EARLE The Ontological Argument in Spinoza: Twenty Years Later 220 MARTHA KNEALE Eternity and Sempiternity 227 ALAN DON AGAN Spinoza 0S Proof of Immortality :241 HANS JONAS Spinoza and the Theory of Organism 259 LESZEK KOLAKOWSKI The Two Eyes of Spinoza 279 PART THREE The Nature of Man and Society STUART HAMPSHIRE Spinoza and the Idea of Freedom 297 R. G. BLAIR Spinoza's Account of Imagination 318 MARX WARTOFSKY Action and Passion: Spinoza's Construction of a Scientific Psychology 329 E. M. CURLEY Spinoza's Moral Philosophy 354 HILAIL GILDIN Spinoza and the Political Problem 377 Bibliography 389 The following abbreviations have been used in the footnotes: Cogitata metaphysica: C.m. Renati Des Cartes Principiorum Philosoplziae Pars I et Pars II: Desc. Prine. Phil. Epistolae: Ep. Ethica: E. Korte Verhandling van God, de Mensch en des Zelfs Welstand: K.V. Tractatus de lntellectus Emendatione: Td!E. Tracratus Theologico-Politicus: Tr. Theol.-Pol. References are to parts, chapters, or sections, as appropriate for each work, references to Tdl_E being to Bruder sections. The letters are referred to by number as in the Gebhardt editions. Where page ref erences are given they are to the Gebhardt edition, which is indicated as G. For details, see the Bibliography.