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SPINE SECRETS THIRD EDITION SPINE SECRETS EDITOR: VINCENT J. DEVLIN, MD, FAAOS Orthopaedic Surgeon Fulton, Maryland Conf idence is ClinicalKey Evidence-based answers, continually updated The latest answers, always at your fingertips A subscription to ClinicalKey draws content from countless procedural videos, peer-reviewed journals, patient education materials, and books authored by the most respected names in medicine. Your patients trust you. You can trust ClinicalKey. Equip yourself with trusted, current content that provides you with the clinical knowledge to improve patient outcomes. Get to know ClinicalKey at store.clinicalkey.com. 2019v1.0 Any screen. Any time. Anywhere. Activate the eBook version of this title at no additional charge. Expert Consult eBooks give you the power to browse and find content, view enhanced images, share notes and highlights—both online and offline. Unlock your eBook today. 1 Visit expertconsult.inkling.com/redeem 2 S cratch off your code Scan this QR code to redeem your 3 Type code into “Enter Code” box eBook through your mobile device: 4 C lick “Redeem” 5 L og in or Sign up 6 G o to “My Library” It’s that easy! Place Peel Off Sticker Here For technical assistance: email [email protected] call 1-800-401-9962 (inside the US) call +1-314-447-8200 (outside the US) Use of the current edition of the electronic version of this book (eBook) is subject to the terms of the nontransferable, limited license granted on expertconsult.inkling.com. Access to the eBook is limited to the first individual who redeems the PIN, located on the inside cover of this book, at expertconsult.inkling.com and may not be transferred to another party by resale, lending, or other means. 2015v1.0 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-899 SPINE SECRETS, THIRD EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-63662-9 Copyright © 2021 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions copyrighted © 2012, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN: 978-0-323-63662-9 Content Strategist: Marybeth Thiel Content Development Manager: Ellen Wurm-Cutter Content Development Specialist: Sara Watkins Publishing Services Manager: Deepthi Unni Project Manager: Janish Ashwin Paul Design Direction: Bridget Hoette Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my wife, Sylvia. Without her support and encouragement, completion of this book would not have been possible. FDA Statement: This book reflects the views of the authors, contributors, and editors and should not be construed to represent the views or policies of the United States (U.S.) Government, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Some drugs or medical devices described in this publication or referenced publications may not be approved or cleared in the U.S. by the FDA or may have been cleared by the FDA for specific indications or for use only in restricted research settings. “Good medical practice and the best interests of the patient require that physicians use legally available drugs, biologics and devices according to their best knowledge and judgement. If physicians use a product for an indication not in the approved labeling, they have the responsibility to be well informed about the product, to base its use on firm scientific rationale and on sound medical evidence, and to maintain records of the product’s use and effects.” (1) Reference 1. “Off-Label” and Investigational Use of Marketed Drugs, Biologics, and Medical Devices. Guidance for Institutional Review Boards and Clinical Investigators: https://www.fda.gov/ regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/label-and-investigational-use- marketed-drugs-biologics-and-medical-devices Additional Notice: The appearance of any product name or registered design without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a representation that the name or design is in the public domain. CONTRIBUTORS Owoicho Adogwa, MD, MPH R. Carter Cassidy, MD Spine Fellow Associate Professor Orthopaedic Surgery Orthopaedic Surgery Washington University UK Healthcare St. Louis, MO Lexington, KY Bradley Anderson Jens R. Chapman, MD Syracuse University Orthopaedic Spine Surgeon New York, NY Orthopaedic and Neurosurgery Swedish Hospital, Seattle, WA D. Greg Anderson, MD Orthopaedic Surgeon Stephen L. Demeter, MD, MPH Rothman Orthopaedics Private Practice Bensalem, PA Las Vegas, NV; Retired Professor and former Head of Pulmonary and Professor Critical Care Medicine, Northeastern Ohio College of Departments of Orthopaedic and Neurological Surgery Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Past President of the International Academy of Philadelphia, PA Independent Medical Evaluators (IAIME; formerly Paul A. Anderson, MD the American Academy of Disability Evaluating Professor Physicians) Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Editor of Disability Evaluation Editions 1 & 2 University of Wisconsin Vincent J. Devlin, MD, FAAOS Madison, WI Orthopaedic Surgeon Mundeep S. Bawa, BS Fulton, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Doniel Drazin, MD, MA Rush University Medical Center Neurosurgeon Chicago, IL Neurosurgery Andrew M. Block, BS Evergreen Health Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Kirkland, WA Rush University Medical Center Mostafa H. El Dafrawy, MD Chicago, IL Fellow-Spine Surgery Christopher R. Brigham, MD, MMS Orthopaedic Surgery Consultant Washington University in St. Louis Hilton Head Island, SC and Portland, ME; St. Louis, MO Editor, Guides Newsletter; Benjamin D. Elder, MD, PhD Senior Contributing Editor, AMA Guides to the Evaluation Assistant Professor of Permanent Impairment, Sixth Edition Neurosurgery Author, Living Abled and Healthy: A Guide to Injury and Mayo Clinic Illness Recovery Rochester, MN Thomas N. Bryce, MD Winston Fong, MD Professor Chief Rehabilitation and Human Performance Department of Spine Surgery Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai McBride Orthopaedic Hospital New York, NY Oklahoma City, OK Alejandro Carrasquilla, MD Munish C. Gupta, MD Resident Chief of Spine, Professor of Orthopaedics Neurosurgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Washington University in St. Louis New York, NY St. Louis, MO vii
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