Spinal Cord Injury in the Child and Young Adult

473 Pages·2015·9.858 MB·English

by  Lawrence Vogel, Kathy Zebracki, Randal Betz, M.J. Mulcahey

Spike Cord-new 1.qxd 30/4/14 09:30 Page 1
Clinics in Developmental Medicine CDM
Disorders of the
D
i
Spinal Cord in Children s
o
r
d
e
r
s
o
Edited by Michael Pike f
t
h
e
S
From the Foreword p
i
n
“Dr.Pikehas assembled an international group of experts who together have a
created a comprehensive and detailed account of the spinal cord – its l
C
structure, functions, vulnerabilities and strategies for management of the
o
resultant functional challenges associated with impairments.”
r
Peter L Rosenbaum d
i
n
First comprehensive coverage of paediatric spinal cord disorders, their clinical assess-
C
ment, appropriate investigation, medical and neurosurgical management, and
h
neuro-rehabilitation. A systematic approach to the subject with future prospects for
i
l
d
spinal cord regeneration and repair. Readership includes paediatric neurologists,
r
neurosurgeons, and oncologists, as well as rehabilitation physicians and therapists. e
n
• Definitive chapters on neuroimaging and neurophysiology.
• In-depth coverage of the embryology and anatomy of the spinal cord.
• Specific issues regarding rehabilitation including orthoses,seating,and
respiration.
M
I
C
H
A
E
L
P
I
K
E
Mac Keith Press
Clinics in Developmental Medicine
Spinal Cord injury in the
Child and young adult

Clinics in Developmental Medicine
Spinal Cord Injury in the
Child and Young Adult
Edited by
lawrenCe C Vogel
Shriners Hospitals for Children;
Rush Medical College
Chicago, IL
USA
Kathy ZebraCKi
Shriners Hospitals for Children;
Loyola University Chicago
Chicago, IL
USA
randal r betZ
Institute for Spine and Scoliosis
Lawrenceville, NJ
USA
Mj MulCahey
Jefferson School of Health Professions
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, PA
USA
2014
MaC Keith preSS
© 2014 Mac Keith Press
6 Market Road, London, N7 9PW
Editor: Hilary M. Hart
Managing Director: Ann-Marie Halligan
Production Manager: Udoka Ohuonu
Project Management: Prepress Projects Ltd
The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily
represent those of the publisher.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior written consent of the copyright holder or the publisher.
First published in this edition in 2014
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Cover image: Dr Megan Wilson, DC
ISBN: 978-1-909962-34-7
Typeset by Prepress Projects Ltd, Perth, UK
Printed by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall, UK
Mac Keith Press is supported by Scope
CONTENTS
AUTHORS’ APPOINTMENTS VIII
FOREWORD XIV
PREFACE XVI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XVIII
SECTION 1 OVERVIEW 1
1. LIFE WITH A SPINAL CORD INJURY: FROM THE PARENTS’,
DAUGHTER’S, AND CLINICIAN’S PERSPECTIVE 3
Bridget Harrington, Michael Harrington, Jan McCreary and
Heather Russell
2. EPIDEMIOLOGY 15
Yuying Chen and Michael J DeVivo
3. LIFE CARE PLANNING 28
Lawrence C Vogel, Karla S Reed and James S Krause
4. ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY 41
MJ Mulcahey and Fin Biering-Sørensen
SECTION 2 EARLY MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL CORD INJURY 67
5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SPINAL CORD INJURY 69
Shuyan Chen, Michael E Selzer and Amer F Samdani
6. ACUTE MANAGEMENT OF YOUNG PEOPLE WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY 83
John Kuluz
7. PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF SPINE STABILITY IN CHILDREN
WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY 95
Nigel Price
SECTION 3 UNIQUE ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC SPINAL CORD INJURY 109
8. NON-TRAUMATIC PEDIATRIC SPINAL CORD INJURY 111
David W Pruitt
v
Contents
9. MANAGEMENT OF HIGH TETRAPLEGIA 127
Virginia Simson Nelson
10. DUAL DIAGNOSIS: CONCOMITANT TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
IN SPINAL CORD INJURY 138
Miriam Hwang
SECTION 4 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT 151
11. NEUROGENIC BLADDER AND BOWEL: ASSESSMENT,
MANAGEMENT, AND OUTCOMES 153
Lisa Merenda and Gregory Dean
12. SPASTICITY 167
Loren T Davidson, James W Middleton and Joyce Oleszek
13. AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY 182
Andrei Krassioukov
14. MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT 197
Glendaliz Bosques and Lawrence C Vogel
15. SKIN INTEGRITY 209
Kelly M Johnson, Michelle Kauffman-Lawson and Kerry A Lavan
16. METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS IN PEDIATRIC SPINAL CORD
INJURY: COMBINING OPTIMAL EXERCISE AND NUTRITION TO
PROMOTE HEALTH AND FITNESS 227
Craig M McDonald and Therese E Johnston
17. PAIN 242
Thomas N Bryce and Tonya M Palermo
SECTION 5 NEUROMUSCULOSKELETAL MANAGEMENT 257
18. ORTHOPEDIC COMPLICATIONS 259
Randal R Betz and H Herndon Murray
19. NEUROMUSCULAR SCOLIOSIS 269
Joshua M Pahys, Randal R Betz and Amer F Samdani
20. UPPER EXTREMITY FUNCTION 282
MJ Mulcahey, Dan A Zlotolow and Scott H Kozin
vi
Contents
SECTION 6 PHYSICAL REHABILITATION 295
21. REHABILITATION 297
Pamela Wilson, Michael Dichiaro and Dennis J Matthews
22. MOBILITY FOR CHILDREN WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY 307
Christina L Calhoun and Lisa A Harvey
SECTION 7 PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES 329
23. EDUCATIONAL AND VOCATIONAL ISSUES FOR CHILDREN WITH
SPINAL CORD INJURY 331
Maria R Reyes, Teresa L Massagli and Kurt L Johnson
24. AN OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOSOCIAL ADJUSTMENT AFTER
PEDIATRIC SPINAL CORD INJURY 343
Zoë Chevalier, Erin H Kelly and Kevin Jones
25. LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF PEDIATRIC-ONSET SPINAL CORD INJURY 359
Kathy Zebracki, Kathleen Chlan and Lawrence C Vogel
26. LEISURE AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES 376
Deepan C Kamaraj, Kathy Zebracki, Sara J Klaas and
Rory A Cooper
SECTION 8 RESEARCH PRIORITIES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 387
27. BIOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS AND CLINICAL TRIALS 389
George Ghobrial and James S Harrop
28. NEUROLOGIC RECOVERY AND RESTORATIVE REHABILITATION 399
Dena R Howland, Shelley A Trimble and Andrea L Behrman
29. ADVANCES IN IMAGING 411
Feroze B Mohamed, Scott H Faro and Nadia Barakat
INDEX 425
vii
AUTHORS’ APPOINTMENTS
Nadia Barakat Department of Clinical Research, Shriners Hospitals
for Children; Department of Radiology, Temple
University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Andrea L Behrman Kosair Charities Center for Pediatric Neurorecovery,
Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center,
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of
Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
Randal R Betz Institute for Spine and Scoliosis, Lawrenceville, NJ,
USA
Fin Biering-Sørensen Department for Spinal Cord Injuries, Glostrup
Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,
Denmark
Glendaliz Bosques Department of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, University of Texas, Health Science
Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Thomas N Bryce Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
Christina L Calhoun Department of Occupational Therapy, Jefferson
School of Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Shuyan Chen Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Drexel
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Yuying Chen Department of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
viii
Authors’ Appointments
Zoë Chevalier Department of Clinical Psychology, The National
Spinal Injuries Centre, Stoke Mandeville Hospital,
Aylesbury, UK
Kathleen Chlan Spinal Cord Injury Research, Shriners Hospitals for
Children, Chicago, IL, USA
Rory A Cooper Department of Rehabilitation Science &
Technology, University of Pittsburgh; US Department
of Veterans Affairs, Human Engineering Research
Laboratories, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Loren T Davidson Department of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis;
Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California,
Sacramento, CA, USA
Gregory Dean Department of Urology, Temple University,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Michael J DeVivo Department of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Michael Dichiaro Department of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Health
Sciences Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado,
Denver, CO, USA
Scott H Faro Department of Radiology, Biomedical, Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of
Radiology, Temple University School of Medicine,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
George Ghobrial Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Bridget Harrington School of English, Media Studies and Art History,
University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Michael Harrington School of Languages and Comparative Cultural
Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD,
Australia
James S Harrop Departments of Neurological and Orthopedic
Surgery, Division of Spine and Peripheral Nerve
Surgery, Delaware Valley SCI Center, Thomas
Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
ix