Spectroscopy of Solids Containing Rare Earth Ions PDF
Preview Spectroscopy of Solids Containing Rare Earth Ions
MODERN PROBLEMS IN CONDENSED MATTER SCIENCES Volume 21 Series editors V.M. AGRANOVICH Moscow, USSR A.A. MARADUDIN Irvine, California, USA Advisory editorial board F. Abelès, Paris, France F. Bassani, Pisa, Italy N. Bloembergen, Cambridge, MA, USA E. Burstein, Philadelphia, PA, USA I.L. Fabelinskii, Moscow, USSR P. Fulde, Stuttgart, FRG M.D. Galanin, Moscow, USSR V.L. Ginzburg, Moscow, USSR H. Haken, Stuttgart, FRG R.M. Hochstrasser, Philadelphia, PA, USA LP. Ipatova, Leningrad, USSR A.A. Kaplyanskii, Leningrad, USSR L.V. Keldysh, Moscow, USSR R. Kubo, Tokyo, Japan R. Loudon, Colchester, UK Yu.A. Ossipyan, Moscow, USSR L.P. Pitaevskii, Moscow, USSR A.M. Prokhorov, Moscow, USSR K.K. Rebane, Tallinn, USSR J.M. Rowell, Red Bank, NJ, USA NORTH-HOLLAND AMSTERDAM · OXFORD · NEW YORK · TOKYO SPECTROSCOPY OF SOLIDS CONTAINING RARE EARTH IONS Volume editors: A.A. KAPLYANSKII Leningrad, USSR R.M. MACFARLANE San Jose, CA USA y 1987 NORTH-HOLLAND AMSTERDAM · OXFORD · NEW YORK · TOKYO © Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1987 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. (North-Hol- land Physics Publishing Division), P.O. Box 103, 1000 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Special regulations for readers in the USA: This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), Salem, Massachusetts. Information can be obtained from the CCC about conditions under which photocopies of parts of this publication may be made in the USA. All other copyright questions, including photocopying outside of the USA, should be referred to the publisher. ISBN: 0 444 87051 2 Published by: North-Holland Physics Publishing a division of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. P.O. Box 103 1000 AC Amsterdam The Netherlands Sole distributors for the USA and Canada: Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc. 52 Vanderbilt Avenue New York, NY 10017 USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Spectroscopy of solids containing rare earth ions. (Modern problems in condensed matter sciences; v. 21) Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. 1. Rare earth metal compounds. 2. Spectrum analysis. I. Kaplianskii, A. A. II. Macfarlane, R. M. (Roger M.), 1938- . III. Series. QD172.R2S495 1987 546\4 87-22014 ISBN 0-444-87051-2 (U.S.) Printed in The Netherlands MODERN PROBLEMS IN CONDENSED MATTER SCIENCES Vol. 1. SURFACE POLARITONS V.M. Agranovich and D.L. Mills, editors Vol. 2. EXCITONS E.I. Rashba and M.D. Sturge, editors Vol. 3. ELECTRONIC EXCITATION ENERGY TRANSFER IN CONDENSED MATTER V.M. Agranovich and M.D. Galanin Vol. 4. SPECTROSCOPY AND EXCITATION DYNAMICS OF CONDENSED MOLECULAR SYSTEMS V.M. Agranovich and R.M. Hochstrasser, editors Vol. 5. LIGHT SCATTERING NEAR PHASE TRANSITIONS H.Z. Cummins and A.P. Levanyuk, editors Vol. 6. ELECTRON-HOLE DROPLETS IN SEMICONDUCTORS CD. Jeffries and L.V. Keldysh, editors Vol. 7. THE DYNAMICAL JAHN-TELLER EFFECT IN LOCALIZED SYSTEMS Yu.E. Perlin and M. Wagner, editors Vol. 8. OPTICAL ORIENTATION F. Meier and B.P. Zakharchenya, editors Vol. 9. SURFACE EXCITATIONS V.M. Agranovich and R. Loudon, editors Vol. 10. ELECTRON-ELECTRON INTERACTIONS IN DISORDERED SYSTEMS A.L. Efros and M. Pollak, editors Vol. 11. MEDIUM-ENERGY ION REFLECTION FROM SOLIDS E.S. Mashkova and V.A. Molchanov Vol. 12. NONEQUILIBRIUM SUPERCONDUCTIVITY D.N. Langenberg and A.I. Larkin, editors v MODERN PROBLEMS IN CONDENSED MATTER SCIENCES Vol. 13. PHYSICS OF RADIATION EFFECTS IN CRYSTALS R.A. Johnson and A.N. Orlov, editors Vol. 14. INCOMMENSURATE PHASES IN DIELECTRICS (Two volumes) R. Blinc and A.P. Levanyuk, editors Vol. 15. UNITARY TRANSFORMATIONS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS M. Wagner Vol. 16. NONEQUILIBRIUM PHONONS IN NONMETALLIC CRYSTALS W. Eisenmenger and A.A. Kaplyanskii, editors Vol. 17. SOLITONS S.E. Trullinger, V.L. Pokrovskii and V.E. Zakharov, editors Vol. 18. TRANSPORT IN PHONON SYSTEMS V.L. Gurevich Vol. 19. CARRIER SCATTERING IN METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORS V.F. Gantmakher and Y.B. Levinson Vol. 20. SEMIMETALS - 1. GRAPHITE AND ITS COMPOUNDS N.B. Brandt, S.M. Chudinov and Ya.G. Ponomarev Vol. 21. SPECTROSCOPY OF SOLIDS CONTAINING RARE EARTH IONS A.A. Kaplyanskii and R.M. Macfarlane, editors In preparation Vol. 22. SPIN WAVES AND MAGNETIC EXCITATIONS A.S. Borovik-Romanov and S.K. Sinha, editors VI Oh, how many of them there are in the fields! But each flowers in its own way — In this is the highest achievement of a flower! Matsuo Basho 1644-1694 PREFACE TO THE SERIES Our understanding of condensed matter is developing rapidly at the present time, and the numerous new insights gained in this field define to a significant degree the face of contemporary science. Furthermore, discoveries made in this area are shaping present and future technology. This being so, it is clear that the most important results and directions for future developments can only be covered by an international group of authors working in cooperation. "Modern Problems in Condensed Matter Sciences" is a series of contrib- uted volumes and monographs on condensed matter science that is published by North-Holland Physics Publishing, a division of Elsevier Science Pub- lishers. With the support of a distinguished Advisory Editorial Board, areas of current interest that have reached a maturity to be reviewed, are selected for the series. Both Soviet and Western scholars are contributing to the series, and each contributed volume has, accordingly, two editors. Monographs, written by either Western or Soviet authors, are also included. The complete series will provide the most comprehensive coverage available of condensed matter science. Another important outcome of the foundation of this series is the emer- gence of a rather interesting and fruitful form of collaboration among scholars from different countries. We are deeply convinced that such international collaboration in the spheres of science and art, as well as other socially useful spheres of human activity, will assist in the establishment of a climate of confidence and peace. The publishing house "Nauka" publishes the volumes in the Russian language. This way the broadest possible readership is ensured. The General Editors of the Series, V.M. Agranovich A.A. Maradudin Vll PREFACE Crystals and glasses containing rare earth ions occupy a unique and important place among solid state systems. Their characteristic properties stem primarily from the rare earth ions having an unfilled 4f electron shell screened from the crystal field by the outer 5s and 5p electrons. The electronic structure of rare earth (RE) containing solids may be approximated by that of isolated "free" ions which feel only weakly the influence of the environment. The f-f electron transitions between the Stark levels of the 4f n configuration produce extremely sharp and clear structure in the optical spectra, originating from purely electronic transitions, as well as from weaker transitions involving the par- ticipation of lattice vibrations. Because of this richness, methods of optical spectroscopy have provided much detailed information and thus occupy a well-deserved place of prominence in the study of these solids. Optical spectroscopy of RE-activated solids witnessed particularly intensive growth at the beginning of the 1960s stimulated in large part by the development of lasers. Several important RE laser materials were identified notably those containing the Nd3+ ion. Another resurgence of interest and activity began in the late 1970s following the application of the techniques of laser spec- troscopy, particularly using tunable lasers, to the study of RE solids. By exploiting nonlinear interactions, it was possible to eliminate the effects of strain induced inhomogeneous broadening and provide, for the first time, spectral resolution of « MHz in optical spectroscopy. This has enabled many qualitatively new studies of fundamental properties to be made. These include optical dephasing, hyperfine interactions, quasi-resonant energy transfer and the effect of small external perturbations. The importance of these spectroscopic studies reaches far beyond the limits of the group of RE-activated solids themselves. Due to the unambiguous and highly informative character of the spectra involved, this group can be effectively used to study some general problems in the physics of the solid state. Indeed, it is the spectroscopic investigation of the RE-activated solids that has contributed significantly to our present-day understanding in such fundamental areas of solid state physics as electron-phonon interaction, IX X Preface migration of electronic excitation energy, cooperative phenomena, and crystal field theory. The use of 4f ions as spectroscopic probes has been very fruitful in a wide variety of studies of solid state and crystal chemical problems. Spectroscopic investigation of exchange-coupled pairs and clusters of para- magnetic ions is of prime importance for gaining insight into the nature of magnetic ordering. In addition RE-activated solids have played a central role in testing and developing new experimental methods in the optical spec- troscopy of impurity centers, among them spectroscopy in external fields (magnetic, electric, uniaxial stress), fluorescence line narrowing, coherent transients, hole burning spectroscopy, and optical detection of magnetic resonance. The present volume contains chapters on some key problems selected from a broad range of spectroscopic studies of RE-activated solids including both crystalline and glassy materials. Progress in crystal field theory is surveyed. This is basic to our understanding of the energy levels. The treatment of dynamical properties includes studies of coherence phenomena in isolated ions, energy transfer between ions and cooperative phenomena associated with ion-ion and ion-lattice interactions. In addition, the role of electron spins and nuclear spins is studied by light scattering and double resonance techniques. The presence of inhomogeneous broadening of spectral lines is observed and studied in many contexts leading to new insights into general problems of the disordered state. Considerable attention is devoted to describing new experi- mental techniques whose development is of prime importance for progress in the spectroscopy of RE-activated solids as well as in spectroscopy in general. Many of these rely on the development and application of tunable lasers. This is a very active field of spectroscopy now and we are likely to see more exciting developments in the future. Modern spectroscopy of RE ions in solids has been developed as a result of the joint efforts of scientists from many countries. In the Soviet Union the leading role in research in this area has belonged indisputably to Prof. P.P. Feofilov. It was assumed that he would be the Soviet co-editor of the present volume; however, his premature death has upset these plans. With a feeling of deep loss and high esteem, we respectfully dedicate this volume to the memory of Professor Feofilov. A.A. Kaplyanskii R.M. Macfarlane Leningrad, USSR San Jose, CA, USA CHAPTER 1 P.P. Feofilov and the Spectroscopy of Activated Crystals A.A. KAPLYANSKII and A.I. RYSKIN A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute Leningrad USSR Spectroscopy of Solids Containing Rare Earth Ions Edited by © Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., 1987 A.A. Kaplyanskii and R.M. Macfarlane 1 Contents P.P. Feofilov and the spectroscopy of activated crystals 3 References 8 Bibliography of selected works of P.P. Feofilov 9 2
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