Spectroscopic Methods for Nanomaterials Characterization. A volume in Micro and Nano Technologies PDF
Preview Spectroscopic Methods for Nanomaterials Characterization. A volume in Micro and Nano Technologies
Spectroscopic Methods for Nanomaterials Characterization Volume 2 Edited by Sabu Thomas Raju Thomas Ajesh K. Zachariah Raghvendra Kumar Mishra Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam, Netherlands TheBoulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,Oxford OX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge, MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2017Elsevier Inc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmay bereproducedor transmitted inanyformor byanymeans, electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording, oranyinformation storageand retrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwriting fromthepublisher.Details onhowtoseek permission,further informationaboutthe Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangements withorganizations suchas theCopyright ClearanceCenterandthe CopyrightLicensingAgency, canbefoundat ourwebsite: www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandthe individualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyright bythe Publisher(other thanasmay benoted herein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpractice inthisfield areconstantly changing.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professional practices,or medicaltreatmentmay becomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmayalwaysrely ontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation, methods,compounds,orexperiments describedherein.In usingsuchinformation ormethodstheyshould bemindfuloftheir ownsafetyandthe safetyof others,includingpartiesfor whomthey haveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthe law,neitherthe Publishernor theauthors,contributors, oreditors, assumeanyliabilityfor anyinjuryand/or damagetopersons orproperty asamatterofproducts liability, negligenceorotherwise,or fromanyuseoroperation ofanymethods,products, instructions,or ideascontained inthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Acatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromthe LibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData Acataloguerecordfor thisbookisavailablefrom theBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-323-46140-5 ForinformationonallElsevier publicationsvisit ourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionEditor:SimonHolt EditorialProjectManager:AnnaValutkevich ProductionProjectManager:NickyCarter Designer:GregHarris TypesetbyTNQBooksandJournals List of Contributors Rameshwar Adhikari Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Nepal Polymer Institute (NPI), Kathmandu, Nepal BasheerAhamed B.S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, India Gudimamilla Apparao Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India Anjali Bishnoi Indian Institute of Technology HauzKhas, New Delhi, India Jayesh Cherusseri Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India KuppannaChidambaram VIT University, Vellore, India YogeshS. Choudhary Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India Andrea Delfini Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Kalim Deshmukh B.S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, India Aastha Dutta Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, India Jianwu Fang Chang’an University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China Gejo George HLL Lifecare Limited, Trivandrum, India Sony George University of Kerala, Trivandrum, India Gurram Giridhar Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India Sven Henning Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS), Halle/Saale, Germany Saravanakumar Jagannathan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia Nebu John University of Kerala, Trivandrum, India;Mar Thoma College, Tiruvalla, India xiii xiv List of Contributors LavanyaJothi Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India Jithin Joy Newman College, Thodupuzha, India R.R.K.N. Manepalli The Hindu College, Machilipatnam, India Mario Marchetti Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Marta Marszalek Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland Davide Micheli Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Goerg H. Michler Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany Raghvendra Kumar Mishra Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India Gomathi Nageswaran Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India Khadheer S.K. Pasha VIT University, Vellore, India RobertoPastore Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy DeepalekshmiPonnamma Qatar University, Doha, Qatar ShaohuaQu Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China P.S. RamaSreekanth National Institute of Science and Technology, Odisha, India Kishor K. Sadasivuni Qatar University, Doha, Qatar SowmyaSankaran B.S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, India Fabio Santoni Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Mengtao Sun University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Sabu Thomas Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India List of Contributors xv AntonioVricella Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Liuding Wang Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China Runcy Wilson HLL Lifecare Limited, Trivandrum, India GuangleiWu Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China HongjingWu Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China Hui Xing Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China Duyang Zang Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China Editor Biographies Professor (Dr.) Sabu Thomas is the Director of International and Interuniversity Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India. He is also a full professor of Polymer Science and Engineering and School of Chemical Science of the same University. He is a fellow of many professional bodies. Professor Thomas has co-authored many papers in international peer-reviewed journals in the area of polymer processing. He has organized several international conferences. Professor Thomas’s research group is in specialized areas of polymers, which includes polymer blends, fiber-filled polymer composites, particulate-filled polymer composites and their morphological characterization, aging, and degradation, pervaporation phenomena, sorption, and diffusion, interpenetrating polymer systems, recyclability and reuse of waste plastics and rubbers, elastomeric cross- linking, and dual porous nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering. Professor Thomas’s research group has extensive exchange programs with different industries, research, and academic institutions all over the world and is performing world-class collaborative research in various fields. The Professor’s Center is equipped with various sophisticated instruments and has established state-of-the-art experimental facilities which cater to the needsofresearchers withinthecountryandabroad.Hehasmorethan700 publications, 50 books, H Index-78 and 3 patents to his credit. He is a reviewer to many international journals. Professor Thomas has attained 5thPositioninthelistofMostProductiveResearchersinIndiain2008e16. Professor(Dr.)RajuThomasiscurrentlyViceChancellorofMiddleEast University FZE, Al Hamra, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates. Dr. Thomas started his Professorship from the Research and Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, Mar Thoma College, Thiruvalla-3, Kerala, India. Dr. Thomas procured his PhD under the supervision of Professor (Dr.) Sabu Thomas, Director of International and Interuniversity Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India. He has extensive research experience in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. He has 12years of research experience in the Organic Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry laboratories of the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India. He has also worked in the laboratory of Applied Rheology and Polymer processing of Katholieke University, Leuven, Belgium, and in the laboratory at Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Dresden, xvii xviii Editor Biographies Germany. He has widely studied the kinetics of curing, morphology development, and structural characteristics of in situ-cured nanocompositesbasedonepoxyresinandreactiverubbers.Hisresearchis reflectedinhissixpublishedresearcharticlesininternationaljournals,and additional articles which are currently under review. In addition, many articleshavebeenpublishedinpopularjournals.Hehasco-authoredmany chapters and is co-editor of a book entitled Micro and Nanostructured Epoxy/Rubber Blends which was recently published by Wiley and Sons. He hasattended manynationaland international seminars/conferences and presented many research papers. He is an approved research guide in Chemistry at Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India and has availed projects from University Grants Commission (UGC), Department of Science and TechnologyeScience and Engineering Research Board (DSTeSERB) and Kerala Science Council for Science, Technology, and Environment(KSCSTE). Dr. Ajesh K. Zachariah is working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Mar Thoma College, Kerala, India. He has many publications in the field of materials chemistry, and polymer nanocomposites and has one national patent. He is an expert in sophisticated techniques such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction Technique (XRD), Gas Permeability Tester, and Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA). He has many years’ experience in the field ofnanoscienceandnanotechnology. Raghvendra Kumar Mishra is currently working as Senior Research Fellow at the International and Interuniversity Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, India. He has received India’s most prestigious Visvesvaraya Research Fellowship, and he is currently serving as Visvesvaraya Fellow. He has widely studied the processing of blends, in situ generation micro- and nanofibrillar composites, electromagnetic shielding effect of nanocomposites, decorating and alignment of carbon nanotubes, and thermal, dynamic mechanical, and structural relationships in polymer blends and nanocomposites. He has won several awards from different organizations and technology events. He is serving as reviewer in many international journals,forexample,EnvironmentalChemistryLetters(Springer).Hehas research experience in Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Technology, and Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. His areas of research are multidisciplinary, which include thermodynamics, heat transfer, refrigeration and air-conditioning, fluid mechanics, machine design, solid mechanics, machine theory, power plant engineering, metal and ceramic Editor Biographies xix processing.Inaddition,hespecializesinpolymers,whichincludepolymer recycling, polymer blends, fiber-filled polymer composites, particulate- filled polymer composites and their morphological characterization, aging and degradation, nanomaterials e.g., metallic, metallic oxide, carbon nanotubes, graphene, conducting polymer blends, composites and nanocomposites, biodegradable polymer blends and composites. He has expertise in sophisticated characterization techniques such as dynamic mechanical analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, spectroscopy, vector network analyzer, scanning electron microcopy,andatomicforcemicroscopy(AFM). 1 Chapter Atomic Force Microscopy as a Nanoanalytical Tool RameshwarAdhikari1,2, Sven Henning3and GoergH. Michler4 1TribhuvanUniversity,Kathmandu,Nepal;2NepalPolymerInstitute(NPI),Kathmandu,Nepal;3FraunhoferInstitutefor MicrostructureofMaterialsandSystems(IMWS),Halle/Saale,Germany;4MartinLutherUniversityHalle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale,Germany CHAPTEROUTLINE 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Specimen Preparation 7 1.2.1 ThinFilms 7 1.2.2 PhysicalandChemicalEtching, IonEtching 7 1.2.3 Ultramicrotomy 8 1.3 Typical Examples of Nanomaterials Characterization by Atomic Force Microscopy 8 1.3.1 Nanoparticles ImagingandManipulation 8 1.3.2 BiobasedNanomaterials andNanoencapsulation 10 1.3.3 Comparison With ElectronMicroscopy 12 1.4 Concluding Remarks 14 Acknowledgments 15 References 15 1.1 INTRODUCTION Asthedevelopmentofnewmaterialshasplayedaconsiderableroleinthe advancement of human civilization, microscopic techniques have offered probably the most important contribution toward the development of the newmaterialsthemselves.Themicroscopedeliversthemostdirectinforma- tion on the structure and properties of materials on different length scales, not only allowing the experimentalist to interpret the correlation between SpectroscopicMethodsforNanomaterialsCharacterization.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-46140-5.00001-7 Copyright©2017ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 1 CHAPTER 1 Atomic Force Microscopy as a Nanoanalytical Tool 2 veryinternalstructuresofthematerialsandtheirpropertiesbutalsopermit- tingtheinnovatortodesignnewstructuresrelevantfortargetedspecificap- plications. In this regard, the electron microscope, and more recently the scanning probe microscope (SPM), have been developed as reliable tools for the characterization of nanomaterials. It should be noted that different scattering techniques, in particular the X-ray methods, have made signifi- cant contributions to the understanding of the structureeproperty correla- tions of the materials, although the information is averaged over a large volume. An SPM not only can access the structure of materials in the macroscopic to nanoscale range but also studies various phenomena such as adhesion, friction, electrical, magnetic, mechanical, and thermal proper- ties of the materials on a very local level. Owing to their ability to offer nanoscale resolution and versatile applica- bility, SPM techniques have emerged as an indispensable nanomaterials characterization tool. The invention of the first atomic force microscope by Binnig and its introduction by Binnig et al. [1,2] in 1986 opened up the possibility of obtaining surface images with atomic resolution on con- ductorsandinsulatorsbyutilizingverysmalltipesampleinteractionforces. Thus,amongtheSPMtechniques,theAFMisahighlyversatileandpopular nanoanalytical tool. Thus, it has been common practice in past decades to supplementelectronmicroscopywiththeAFM. A brief survey of the fundamentals and relevant applications of this tech- nique in nanomaterials research is presented in this chapter. For a detailed accountofthefundamentalsandapplicationofAFMtechniquesappliedto different materials, the readers may consult more concise reviews [3e7]. Inatomicforcemicroscopy,thesolidsurfacesarescannedinarasterpattern by an extremely sharp mechanical probe attached to a cantilever. Highly localized tipesample interaction forces are measured as a function of the specimen’s local position. In its basic function, AFM provides high- resolution imaging of the surface relief of the specimen between lateral scalesofafewnanometerstoaboutahundredmicrometersasdemonstrated by some examples presented in Fig.1.1. Fig.1.1presentstapping-modeAFMimagesofdifferentmagnificationsof thin isotactic polypropylene (iPP) film sandwiched between polystyrene (PS) layers prepared by the microlayer coextrusion technique [8e10]. The most popular AFM mode of operation is the so-called “tapping” mode or “intermittent-contact”mode,inwhichthesampleisscannedwithanoscil- lating probe. The contrast mechanism in the AFM operation is based on thelocalmechanicalpropertiesofthespecimen[11e14].
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