Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Macular Diseases PDF
Preview Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Macular Diseases
Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Macular Diseases Carsten H. Meyer Sandeep Saxena SriniVas R. Sadda Editors 123 Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Macular Diseases Carsten H. Meyer (cid:129) Sandeep S axena S riniVas R . S adda Editors Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Macular Diseases Editors Carsten H. Meyer SriniVas R. Sadda Pallas Klinik Doheny Eye Institute Aarau Los Angeles Switzerland USA Sandeep Saxena Department of Ophthalmology King George’s Medical University Lucknow India ISBN 978-81-322-3608-5 ISBN 978-81-322-3610-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-3610-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016953002 © Springer India 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd. The registered company address is 7th Floor, Vijaya Building, 17 Barakhamba Road, New Delhi 110 001, India Foreword Undoubtedly, optical coherence tomography has changed the approach of clinicians in their daily practice. The evolution of technology from time domain to spectral domain and swept source OCT increased the possibilities of imaging the retinal and choroidal details. Newer evaluations are now avail- able to better understand the diseases and to fi nd new biomarkers for retinal and choroidal pathologies. From measurement to morphology could be the right description of changes occurring from time domain to spectral domain. The possibility to visualize retinal and choroidal morphology in real life and not only post-mortem allowed a better understanding not only of the tissue damage but in particular of its recovery: the dynamic healing process of idio- pathic macular holes after surgical repair, of optic pit-related retinoschisis and neurosensory retinal detachment, or of color and visual impairment and its recovery after systemic or intravitreal pharmacological treatments are just few examples of the advantages of the OCTs. Thanks to the OCT images, we learned about the new pathologic characteristics of retinal diseases like in age-related macular degeneration, the outer retinal tubulations or the differ- ences between drusen and reticular pseudodrusen, in myopia the macular retinoschisis, and in juxtafoveal macular telangiectasia the degenerative cysts of Muller cells. Optical coherence tomography images have played an impor- tant role in the study of vitreomacular interface. The classifi cation of vitreo- macular adhesion, traction, and macular hole introduced a new approach not only based on the slit lamp fundus evaluation but also on the changes visible with OCT. There is no doubt that imaging the choroid before the advent of OCT was almost impossible. In ocular oncology, the differences between choroidal melanoma, metastasis, osteoma, hamartoma, hemangioma, lym- phoma, and granuloma are better delineated with OCT than with ultrasounds. In uveitis, the possibility to visualize and measure changes in choroidal thick- ness provided a better diagnosis and a more accurate control of the treatment effect. In central serous choroidopathy, the visualization of an increased thickness of the choroid supported the enrollment of the choroid in this dis- ease. However, the real changes occurred in everyday clinical practice, chang- ing the approach for diagnosis and treatment. Undoubtedly, for many ophthalmologists, not only for retinal specialists, OCT is the leading tool for their practice. The number of fl uorescein angiography examinations has been reduced in the last 10 years with an important increase of OCT procedures. The future will be even more interesting with the full introduction of OCT angiography, wide-fi eld OCT, and adaptive OCT. v vi Foreword In this text, Professors Meyer, Saxena, and Sadda have assembled a very well-known group of imaging specialists. The topics described go from tech- nology to clinical use through a series of published paper reviews. Reading this book is a perfect way to update our knowledge on OCT. I wish you a good reading. Giovanni Staurenghi Professor, Department of Ophthalmology University Eye Clinic Toronto, ON, Canada University Eye Clinic Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “Luigi Sacco” “Luigi Sacco” Hospital Milan, Italy Pref ace O ptical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technology based on the principle of low-coherence interferometry. Optical coherence tomography provides a noninvasive, noncontact, transpupillary technique for real time in vivo imaging of the retina. O ptical coherence tomography is an ever evolving technology that has revolutionized ophthalmic imaging. This technology has played essential roles in ophthalmology as well as other branches of medicine. The technol- ogy has been adapted to produce noninvasive, high-resolution images of both the anterior segment (cornea and structures at the angles) and posterior pole (retina, choroid, sclera, and optic disk). With rapid evolution in technology and improved cellular level resolution, clinical use of OCT has been extended to retinal diseases with more complex morphological features. Three-dimensional imaging with its increased potential in interpreting retinal morphology provides a global perspective to various retinal diseases. This allows effortless localization of images for monitoring disease progres- sion and response to therapy. Preservation of retinal topography enables visu- alization of subtle changes associated with the disease. Enface OCT provides a new dimension in our understanding of the vitreoretinal interface. Optical coherence tomography angiography is based on the same tech- nology as conventional OCT imaging but selectively detects signals associ- ated with motion corresponding to blood fl ow in the fundus. Thus, OCT angiography noninvasively visualizes three-dimensional retinal and choroi- dal vascular networks and enables visualization of these networks in en face sections, as in fl uorescein and indocyanine green angiography. Increasing attention is being paid to potential clinical applications of this technology in retinal ischemic diseases and macular diseases. Swept source OCT devices allow wider regions of the eye to be scanned and visualize more precise details of deeper structures such as the choroid and sclera. Swept source OCT provides simultaneous high-quality visualiza- tion of the vitreous, retina, and choroid. The emergence of intraoperative OCT is linked to the concept of an image- guided intervention that facilitates high precision in clinical diagnosis. This technology aims to create image overlays during the surgical intervention in order to assist the surgeon to better visualize and manage living tissues. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography has proved useful in iden- tifying various biomarkers for imaging in several ocular diseases. Spectral vii viii Preface domain OCT-based imaging parameters have also been documented as prog- nostic biomarkers in various neurological diseases. H yperspectral imaging is an emerging technology which identifi es materi- als or detects biochemical and metabolic processes within the retina. It also provides a feasible method for measurement and analysis of vascular oxygen content in healthy and diseased retina. T his text is an effort to provide an in-depth current knowledge of optical coherence tomography in macular diseases by experts in their respective fi elds from across the globe. Aarau , Switzerland Carsten H. Meyer Lucknow , India Sandeep Saxena Los Angeles , USA SriniVas R. Sadda Contents Part I Essentials of Optical Coherence Tomography 1 Optical Coherence Tomography: A Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Shivani Sinha , Prateep Phadikar , and Sandeep Saxena 2 Three-Dimensional Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Surabhi Ruia and Sandeep Saxena 3 En Face Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Jessica Lee and Richard B. Rosen 4 Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Colin S. Tan and SriniVas R. Sadda 5 Normal Choroidal Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Daniela Ferrara , Andre Romano , and Jay S. Duker 6 Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Masanori Hangai 7 Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography-Based Imaging Biomarkers and Hyperspectral Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Surabhi Ruia and Sandeep Saxena Part II Medical Retina 8 Diabetic Macular Edema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Zachary M. Bodnar , Ankit Desai , and Levent Akduman 9 Retinal Photoreceptor Ellipsoid Zone Integrity in Diabetic Macular Edema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Sandeep Saxena , Khushboo Srivastav , Surabhi Ruia , Prateep Phadikar , and Levent Akduman 10 Effect of Therapy on Diabetic Macular Oedema . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Samia Fatum , Elizabeth Pearce , and Victor Chong 11 Retinal Vein Occlusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Ute E. K. Wolf-Schnurrbusch ix x Contents 12 Retinal Artery Occlusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Weng Onn Chan , Jagjit S. Gilhotra , Ghazal Ismail , and Sandeep Saxena 13 Drusen Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration . . . . 159 Karen B. Schaal and Philip J. Rosenfeld 14 Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Moritz Lindner , Monika Fleckenstein , Julia Steinberg , Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg , and Frank G. Holz 15 Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Reinhard Told , Sebastian M. Waldstein , and Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth 16 Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Ichiro Maruko and Tomohiro Iida 17 Macular Telangiectasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Peter Charbel Issa , Simone Müller , Tjebo F. C. Heeren , and Frank G. Holz 18 Central Serous Chorioretinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Angie H. C. Fong and Timothy Y. Y. Lai Part III Surgical Retina 19 Vitreomacular Traction and Epiretinal Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Michael D. Tibbetts and Jay S. Duker 20 Macular Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Alain Gaudric and Aude Couturier 21 Retinal Detachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Ali Dirani and Thomas J. Wolfensberger 22 Myopic Macular Pathologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Yasushi Ikuno 23 Optic Disc Pit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Edmund Y. M. Wong and Vicky H. J. Lu Part IV Miscellaneous 24 Retinal Dystrophies and Degenerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Anna C. S. Tan and Gemmy Cheung 25 Uveitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Xavier Fagan, Weng Onn Chan, Lyndell Lim, and Jagjit S. Gilhotra 26 Ocular Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Eduardo B. Rodrigues and Ana C. Garcia
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