Specificity in Plant Diseases PDF
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Specificity in Plant Diseases NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES A series of edited volumes comprising multifaceted studies of contemporary scientific issues by some of the best scientific minds in the world, as sembled in cooperation with NATO Scientific Mfairs Division. Series A: Life Sciences Volume 1 - Vision in Fishes: New Approaches in Research edited by M. A. Ali Volume 2 - Nematode Vectors of Plant Viruses edited by F. Lamberti, C.E. Taylar, and J.W. Seinhorst Volume 3 - Genetic Manipulations with Plant Material edited by Lucien Ledoux Volume 4 - Phloem Transport edited by S. Aronoff, J. Dainty, P. R. Gorham, L. M. Srivastava, and C. A. Swanson Volume 5 - Tumor Virus-Host Ce11Interaction edited by Alan Kolber Volume 6 - Metabolic Compartmentation and Neurotransmission: Relation to Brain Structure and Function edited by So11 Berl, D.D. Clarke, and Diana Schneider Volume 7 - The Hepatobiliary System: Fundamental and Pathological Mechanisms edited by W. Taylor Volume 8 - Meat Animals: Growth and Productivity edited by D. Lister, D. N. Rhodes, V. R. Fowler, and M. F. Fuller Volume 9 - Eukaryotic Cell Function and Growth: Regulation by Intracellular Cyclic Nucleotides edited by Jacques E. Dumont, Barry L. Brown, and Nicholas J. Marshall Volume 10 - Specificity in Plant Diseases edited by R. K. S. Wood and A. Graniti The series is published by an international board of publishers in con junction with NATO Scientific Mfairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston D Behavioral and Sijthoff International Publishing Company Social Scien,ces Leiden E Applied Sciences Noordhoff International Publishing Leiden Specificity in Plant Diseases Edited by R. K. S. Wood, F. R. S. Imperial College of Science and Technology London, England and A. Graniti University of Bari Bari, Italy PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Study Institute on Specificity in Plant Diseases, AIghero, Sardinia, 1975. Specificity in plant diseases. (NATO advanced study institutes series: Series A, Life sciences; v. 10) "Lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Specificity in Plant Diseases, held in Porto Conte, nr. AIghero (Sardinia), Italy, May 4-17,1975." 1. Plant diseases-Congresses. 2. Host-parasite relationships-Congresses. I. Wood, R. K. S. II. Graniti, A. III. Title. IV. Series. [DNLM: 1. Plant diseases-Congresses. SB731 Nlls 1975) SB731.N28 1975 581.2'32 76-10644 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2771-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2769-1 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2769-1 Lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Specificity in Plant Diseases, held in Porto Conte, nr. Alghero (Sardinia), Italy, May 4-17, 1975 © 1976 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1976 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Preface A NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Phytotoxins in Plant Diseases" was held in Pugnochiuso (Italy) in June 1970. It was concerned mainly with the chemistry and mode of action of substances toxic to higher plants which are produced by pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The role of such substances in specificity was consider ed but largely in relation to host-specific toxins. In 1973, in light of the success of the 1970 Institute, we decided to plan for another in 1975 and after discussion with col leagues during the Second International Congress of Plant Pathology, we selected "Specificity in Plant Diseases" as the theme for the 1975 Institute. Our chief reasons for the choice were that specificity is un doubtedly the dominant problem in plant pathology and that with the rapid increase during the last decade or so in the diversity and sophistication of biochemical techniques, we should now expect during the next few years much more research on specificity and major ad vances in our understanding of the mechanisms that control it. It seemed to us that a residential meeting with the advantages and status of a NATO Advanced Study Institute would do much to stimulate interest and research in this most important field. The theme also had the merit of continuity with that of the 1970 Institute. Our application to the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO for a grant to cover most of the costs of the meeting was successful and we decided that it should be held at Porto Conte nr. Alghero (Sardinia), Italy on 4 - 17 May 1975. At first our programme included viruses as plant pathogens on the same scale as bacteria and fungi but we soon decided that to do so would unduly widen the scope of the meeting. Instead we aimed to include no more than one lecture which would review specificity in plant diseases caused by viruses. Unfortunately, this plan for one lecture had to be abandoned at a late date. We were, however, fortunate in that early in our planning Dr. R.C. Hughes accepted v PREFACE our invitation to lecture on animal membranes as recognition sites, and then Professor H.F. Linskens agreed to survey specific inter actions in higher plants. The other lectures which were the bulk of the programme dealt with almost every aspect of specificity of interactions between pathogenic bacteria and fungi and higher plants and were given by distinguished workers in this field. We are parti cularly indebted to all lecturers for their contributions upon which the many meetings and discussions were based and which comprise the main part of this book. We were also very grateful to those whom we were unable to include as main lecturers but who accepted our in vitation to be both Chairmen of meetings and Discussion Leaders, and who later summarized the discussions and short papers which followed each main lecture; these summaries are also in this book. The organization and administration of an Advanced study Institute would be impossible without the help of innumerable coll eagues and assistants. We thank each of them and we regret that we can name only a few. First and foremost we thank Dr. R.D. Durbin who helped us for many months before the Institute and then during the meetings. We thank Professor A. Ciccarone and Professor M. Shaw who served with Dr. Durbin on our Advisory Committee and gave us much useful advice on the programme and scientific content of the meeting. We are especially indebted to Mrs. June Cheston for her secretarial work before the start of the Institute, for her editorial work with manuscripts and above all for preparing the final type scripts from which this book was copied. We also thank Dr. A. Bottalico and Dr. L. Sparapano, University of Bari, for their help in the organization and running of the Institute, and Professor F. Marras, University of Sassari, for his advice on and help with the local arrangements. We are grateful to Mrs. Teresa Jardella and Miss Maria Palumbo for their excellent secretarial work during the meetings. The Institute was helped financially or in other ways by the Ministry of Agriculture, Rome, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, Rome, Italy; Regione Sarda, Cagliari, Italy; University of Sassari, Italy; and the National Science Foundation, Washington, U.S.A.; we thank each for their contributions. Finally, and on behalf of all those who participated in the Institute we thank most warmly the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO for its sponsorship of the Institute and for the generous financial grant which met a large part of the expenses of partici pants; and we are particularly grateful to Dr. T. Kester of the Scientific Affairs Division for his interest and his help and advice in organizing the Institute. A.G. December 1975 R.K.S.W. Contents Opening Address . . . 1 Antonio Ciccarone The Phenomenon of Specificity in Plant Disease 15 Percy W. Brian (E. W. B. Ward, Chairman and Discussion Leader) Tissue and Organ Specificity in Plant Diseases 27 Antonio Graniti (W. C. Snyder, Chairman and Discussion Leader) Genetics of Host-Parasite Interactions 45 Roy Johnson (A. H. Ellingboe, Chairman and Discussion Leader) Gene Functions in Host-Parasite Systems . . . . 65 Peter R. Day (C. Person, Chairman and Discussion Leader) Cell Surface Membranes of Animal Cells as the Sites of Recognition of Infectious Agents and Other Substances . . • • • • . . . • • 77 Colin Hughes (P. Hanchey, Chairman and Discussion Leader) Cell Surfaces and the Biochemistry of varietal Specific Pathogenesis . • • . 103 Peter Albersheim (R. P. Scheffer, Chairman and Discussion Leader) Models of Interaction between Higher Plants and Bacteria 109 Klaus Rudolph (A. Novacky, Chairman and Discussion Leader) vii viii CONTENTS Reactions of Cytoplasm and Organelles in Relation to Host-Parasite Specificity • • • • • 131 william R. Bushnell (J. L. Gay, Chairman and Discussion Leader) Specific Interactions Involving Hormonal and Other Changes 151 J. M. Daly (H. M. Dekhuijzen, Chairman and Discussion Leader) Effects of Structure of Active Compounds on Biological Activity and Specificity 169 Daniel H. Rich (D. H. Rich, Chairman and Discussion Leader) Evidence for Direct Involvement of Nucleic Acids in Host-Parasite Specificity • • • • 185 Roland Rohringer (G. Wolf, Chairman and Discussion Leader) Protein Specificity in Plant Disease Development: Protein Sharing between Host and Parasite 199 James E. Devay (R. Staples, Chairman and Discussion Leader) The Role of Phytotoxins in Specificity .•• . 217 Harry Wheeler (5. S. Patil, Chairman and Discussion Leader) Role of Preformed Factors in Specificity 237 Fritz Schonbeck (R. D. Durbin, Chairman and Discussion Leader) Phytoalexins and the Specificity of Plant-Parasite Interaction . . . • • . . • 253 Joseph Kuc (N. T. Keen, Chairman and Discussion Leader) Induction of Hypersensitive Responses to . . . .'. Fungal Pathogens 273 Antje Kaars Sijpesteijn (D. D. Clarke, Chairman and Discussion Leader) Induction and Suppression of the Hypersensitive Reaction Caused by Phytopathogenic Bacteria: Specific and Nonspecific Components • • 289 Luis Sequeira (A. Novacky, Chairman and Discussion Leader) CONTENTS ix Specific Interactions in Higher Plants 311 Hans F. Linskens (H. Kern, Chairman and Discussion Leader) Specificity - An Assessment 327 Ronald K. S. Wood Participants 339 Subj ect Index • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •. 345 OPENING ADDRESS ANTONIO CICCARONE Istituto di Patologia vegetale dell' Universita Bari~ Italy To open this Institute is not an easy task, if the introduct ion is not limited to a hearty welcome, but the idea of the organ izers, whom I thank most sincerely for the honour conferred upon me, is that my talk has some technical content. They also suggested that I speak generally on specificity, speciation and taxonomy. This is rather hard for a plant pathologist such as I am,so I hope you will listen sympathetically to a somewhat indisciplined dis course in mycological plant pathology, and a somewhat careful ap proach to the main theme of the Institute. In my talk I shall refer only briefly to bacteria of which I know all too little. The criteria for identifying and recognizing bacterial species are different from those used for the eucaryotes. As Savile (43) comments, in simple organisms, biochemistry is more important than morphology. Among specialized fungi there are, as is well known, some which are obligate parasites such as powdery mildews and rusts, some which Van der Plank (52) calls "near obligate" such as Phytophthora in festans and non-obligate parasites such as formae speaiales of Fusa rium oxysporum. Notwithstanding the acute reasoning of Van der Plank (52), it is prudent to remember that populations of special ized non-obligate parasites such as formae speaiales of F. oxyspo rum usually show a reduced ability to compete freely in the soil with saprophytic populations of the same species and may perennate better as resting structures in plant residues, in seeds or prop agating organs, and also in occasional hosts and carriers. The normalizing selection that should eliminate phenodeviant individuals and counteract directional selection by the resistant hosts is not always easy to interpret.
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