Species Pools of Seed Plants in Eastern Asia and North America

393 Pages·2015·5.13 MB·English

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1997
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Shiyou Li
Stephen F Austin State University, Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, [email protected]
Kent T. Adair
Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, Stephen F Austin State University
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SPECIES POOLS
of Seed Plants
in Eastern Asia and North America
Shiyou Li and Kent T. Adair
Foreword by R. Scott Beasley
AIthurTemple College ofForestry
Stephen F. Austin State University
Nacogdoches, Texas
1997
Copyright © 1997 by ShiyouLi and KentT. Adair
All rights reserved
Nopartofthispublication may bereproduced ortransmitted in anyfonn orby
any means, electronicormechanical, includingphotocopying, recording, orby
any infommtion storage andretrieval system, without writtenpermissionsfrom
the authorsandpublisher.
Published by
ArthurTempleCollegeofForestry
StephenF. Austin State University
Nacogdoches, Texas75962,USA
Printed in the United States ofAmerica
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Li, Shiyou
Species Pools ofseed plants ineastern Asiaand North AmericaI ShiyouLi
andKentT. Adair; foreword byR. ScottBeasley.
p. em,
includesbibliographicalreferencesand index.
ISBN0-938361-13-9
1. Plant speciespools--East Asia, 2. Plant species pools--East
(U.S.) 3. Plant speciespools--Canada, Eastern. 4. Phanerogams-
Spcciation--East Asia. 5. Phanerogams--Speciation--East(U.S.) 6.
Phanerogams--Speciation--Canada, Eastern. LAdair, KentT, II. Title.
QK341.LS 1997
581.3'S--dc21 97-35153
elP
ISBN0-938361-13-9Hardback
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword by Dr. R. Scott Beasley vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Questions 1
1.2. DataCollection 5
1.3. Data Analysis 12
GEOGRAPHICAL AND TAXONOMIC PATTERNS
OF SPECIES POOLS 15
2. Historical Review 17
2.1. PlantBiogeographical Relationships between Eastern
Asia andEastern North America 17
2.2. Origin ofthe Floristic Similarity Pattern 22
3. Floristic Relationships between Eastern Asia
and Eastern North America 27
3.1. Test ofGray's Hypothesis 28
3.2. Boreal Floras 30
3.3. Temperate Floras 34
3.4. Entire Floras 37
3.5. DisjunctGenera and Species 58
3.6. Origin ofthe Floristic Similarity Pattern 60
3.7. Summary 62
IV Species Pools
ECOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF SPECIES POOLS 65
4. Habitat Species Pools 67
5. Convergence 75
5.1. Introduction 75
5.2. Species Richness 78
5.3. Life Fonn 84
5.4. LeafFeatures 88
5.5. Community Richness 92
5.6. Summary 94
DEVELOPMENT AND NATURE OF
SPECIES POOLS 95
6. Development of Regional Species Pools in Eastern
Asia and Eastern North America 97
6.1. Eastern Asia: Along Evolutionary History with Low
Extinction and Speciation Rates 97
6.2. Northwestern North America: A shortEvolutionary
History with High Speciation Rates 103
6.3. Current Hypotheses about Species Richness 109
7. Species Pools, A New Hypothesis 113
7.1. Concept ofSpecies Pools 113
7.2. Nature ofSpecies Pools 116
8. Species Extinction 121
8.1. How Many Species Have We Lost 121
8.2. Rediscovery ofSome Presumed Extinct Species 124
8.3. Cultural Preservation 127
8.4. New Species and New Distribution Records 127
8.5. Habitat Destruction and Species Extinction 129
Table ofContent.~ v
REFERENCES 133
APPENDICES 145
1. Synopsis ofnative seed plants in the boreal regions 146
2. Synopsis ofnative seed plants in the temperate regions 150
3. Species checklist ofnative seed plants in the borealregions 155
4. Species checklist ofnative seed plantsin the temperate
regIOns 213
5. Checklistofbasic natural forest communities in eastern Asia and
North America 353
INDEX 365

FOREWORD
When Dr. Shiyou Li and Dr. Kent Adair asked me to write a
foreword for their most recent bookI was honored to do so. Dr. Li,
educated in China and the U.S., is one of the world's foremost
botanists. Dr. Adair is former Dean of the College ofForestry at
Stephen F. Austin State University, and, morc recently occupied the
Henry M. Rockwell Chair in the College ofForestry.
Threatened and endangered species, biodiversity, habitat loss,
and ecosystem management are phrases that have found their way
into the common vernacular, despite cfforts among scientists to
agree on their precise meanings. The complexities ofinteractions
among biological systems and their abiotic environments defy
simple universally applicable explanations. Our understanding is
further hampered by the fact that it is impossible to identify the total
number ofspecies extant at any given point in time. Scientific and
financial resources are simply not adequate, at present, to identify
and classify all organisms. Consequently, all studies are limited to
samples ofunknown intensity and probability.
Tn their monograph, Species Pools of seeds plants in Eastern
Asia andNorth America, Drs. Li and Adair present acomprehensive
analysis ofdata collected during a ten-year study involving 10,000
plant species in eastern Asia and North America. Rigorous
taxonomic analyses of species richness distributions, life form
Vlll Specie~J)ool~ _
spectra, dispersal ecology and floristic patterns provided a basis for
testing commonly accepted hypotheses regarding (1) lloristic and
ecological similarities among biogeographical regions, (2)
convergent evolution, and (3) migration. The authors develop the
concept of "Species Pools" in which species diversity and
composition in a given region is a function of speciation,
immigration, extinction (global extinction), and emigration (local
extinction). Furthermore, a given species pool may be a result of
historical rather than ecological factors, and a product of chance
ratherthan predictable events.
The authors discuss their findings and conclusions in terms of
current concepts of species extinction rates, species preservation,
habitat destruction, fossil records, ecosystem management, and the
role ofhumans as an ecological factor.
The book is clearly written and thought provoking. The
concepts, questions, and hypotheses posed by the authors are timely
in context with current controversies abounding in our society
today. They contribute to a clearer understanding of the
complexities ofournatural ecosystems.
R. Scott Beasley, Ph.D., Dean
ArthurTempleCollegeofForestry
Stephen F. Austin State University
Nacogdohes,Texas
May 1997