Species Diversity of Animals in Japan PDF
Preview Species Diversity of Animals in Japan
Diversity and Commonality in Animals Masaharu Motokawa Hiroshi Kajihara Editors Species Diversity of Animals in Japan Diversity and Commonality in Animals Serieseditors TakahiroAsami Matsumoto,Japan HiroshiKajihara Sapporo,Japan KazuyaKobayashi Hirosaki,Japan OsamuKoizumi Fukuoka,Japan MasaharuMotokawa Kyoto,Japan KiyoshiNaruse Okazaki,Japan AkikoSatoh Hiroshima,Japan KazufumiTakamune Kumamoto,Japan HideakiTakeuchi Okayama,Japan MichiyasuYoshikuni Fukuoka,Japan ThebookseriesDiversityandCommonalityinAnimalspublishesrefereedvolumes onallaspectsofzoology,withaspecialfocusonbothcommonanduniquefeatures ofbiologicalsystemsforbetterunderstandingofanimalbiology.Originatingfrom acommonancestor,animalsshareuniversalmechanisms,butduringtheprocessof evolution,alargevarietyofanimalshaveacquiredtheiruniquemorphologiesand functionstoadapttotheenvironmentinthestruggleforexistence.Topicscovered includetaxonomy,behavior,developmentalbiology,endocrinology,neuroscience, and evolution. The series is an official publication of The Zoological Society of Japan. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13528 Masaharu Motokawa • Hiroshi Kajihara Editors Species Diversity of Animals in Japan Editors MasaharuMotokawa HiroshiKajihara TheKyotoUniversityMuseum FacultyofScience KyotoUniversity HokkaidoUniversity Kyoto Sapporo Japan Japan ISSN2509-5536 ISSN2509-5544 (electronic) DiversityandCommonalityinAnimals ISBN978-4-431-56430-0 ISBN978-4-431-56432-4 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-4-431-56432-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016959264 ©SpringerJapan2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerJapanKK Preface Consistingofsome6800islandsandextendingapproximately3500kmfromnorth (45.6(cid:1)N)tosouth(20.4(cid:1)N),theJapanesearchipelagoalongtheeasternperipheryof the Eurasian continent has had a complex geological history since the Miocene (ca.23millionyearsago),withavarietyofterrestrialandmarinehabitatsharboring a rich flora and fauna (Chap. 1). The Japanese fauna has a high proportion of endemicspecies,e.g.,52%fornon-flyingterrestrialmammals(Chap.3),47%for land birds (Chap. 4), 83% for reptiles (Chap. 5), and 92% for amphibians (Chap. 6). Regrettably, anthropogenically mediated habitat loss and disturbance have resulted in the extinction of a number of endemic Japanese species, subspe- cies, or populations, e.g., the Japanese wolf (Canis lupus), the Japanese sea lion (Zalophus japonicus), the Japanese crested ibis (Nipponia nippon), and the Japa- nese river otter (Lutra lutra). More than half the natural mudflats along Japanese coasts have been reclaimed, mostly for agriculture or industry, causing local extinctions—many of which have perhaps gone undetected—of small marine or estuarine organisms such aspolychaetes (Chap. 19).Itis important forourgener- ationtobequeathourpreciousnaturalheritagetofuturegenerations,andtherefore itisvitalthatscientistsengagedinbiodiversityresearchdisseminatetheknowledge theyobtaintothegeneralpublic,notonlydomesticallybutalsoglobally.Thefirst step toward this goal is to compile a species list through solid, steady alpha- taxonomicworkineachtaxon(Chaps.6,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19, 20,21,22,23,24,25,26,and27).Furthermore,foradeeperunderstandingofthe Japanesefauna,itiscrucialtoelucidatethephylogeographyandpopulationgenetic structureofeachspecies(Chaps.3,5,and6),andtheseresultsshouldformthebasis forconservationpoliciesandstrategies(Chaps.6,19,and27).Anotherthreattothe nativefaunaistheproblemofalienorintroducedspecies(Chaps.6and22). In2013,Okinawainfar-southernJapanwasselectedasthevenueforthe22nd InternationalConferenceofZoology(ICZ)in2016,tobeheldjointlywiththe87th Meeting of Zoological Society of Japan (ZSJ, founded in 1878). The Library/ Publishing Committee of ZSJ, at the time under the chairmanship of Professor Kazufumi Takamune (Kumamoto University), then initiated a project aimed to facilitate the global dissemination of information on the activities of Japanese v vi Preface zoologistsandthecurrentstatusofzoologyinJapan,tocommemoratetheoccasion oftheICZ–ZSJjointmeetings.Thisprojectwouldentailthepublicationofaseries ofbooksunderthetitleDiversityandCommonalityinAnimals,featuringresearch conducted by members of ZSJ in various fields of zoology, including physiology, endocrinology, neuroscience, ethology, developmental biology, evolution, repro- ductive biology, taxonomy, and ecology. MM (mammalian systematics) and HK (marine invertebrate systematics), representing the Kinki and Hokkaido Branches of ZSJ, respectively, were Library/Publishing Committee members in the early planning stages ofthepublicationproject andweresubsequently appointedasthe editorsofavolumepertainingtobiodiversity,whichemergedasthisbook,Species DiversityofAnimalsinJapan. Thereare23nationwideacademicsocietiesinJapanwithmembersengagedin animal diversity research to various extents (approximate membership shown in parentheses): Arachnological Society of Japan (300), Carcinological Society of Japan (300), Coleopterological Society of Japan (700), Japanese Association of Benthology(400),JapanSocietyofProtistology(200),TheAcarologicalSocietyof Japan(250),TheBiogeographicalSocietyofJapan(300),TheEcologicalSociety of Japan (3800), The Entomological Society of Japan (1400), The Herpetological SocietyofJapan(400),TheIchthyologicalSocietyofJapan(1300),TheJapanese CoralReefSociety(600),TheJapaneseNematologicalSociety(240),TheJapanese SocietyofSoilZoology(310),TheJapaneseSocietyofSystematicZoology(400), The Lepidopterological Society of Japan (1400), The Malacological Society of Japan(800),TheMammalSocietyofJapan(1100),TheOrnithologicalSocietyof Japan(1200),ThePlanktonSocietyofJapan(600),ThePalaeontologicalSocietyof Japan(1100),TheSocietyofEvolutionaryStudies,Japan(1300),andTheZoolog- icalSocietyofJapan(2300). ZSJ has fewer specialist members (i.e., acarologists, arachnologists, crustacean researchers, ecologists, entomologists, herpetologists, ichthyologists, malacologists, mammalologists,nematologists,andpaleontologists)thananyofthecorresponding specializedsocieties—inotherwords,Japaneseresearchersparticipatinginbiodiver- sity research do not have a single platform. To help overcome this organizational deficiency,TheUnionofJapaneseSocietiesforNaturalHistorywasfoundedin1995, andTheUnionoftheJapaneseSocietiesforSystematicBiologyin2002,tocoordi- natetheactivitiesofthoseacademicsocietiesengagedinresearchinnaturalhistory and systematics. This coordination includes capacity-building for natural history museumsandspecimenstorage,improvementofglobalspecies-diversityinformation facilities,andtheenhancementofyoungresearchers.Asaconsequence,networksof researchersandtheknowledgeofanimalspeciesdiversityinJapanhavebeengreatly enhancedinthelasttwodecades. The intent of this book is to summarize and provide the status quo of our knowledge of the biodiversity of the major groups of terrestrial, freshwater, and marineanimalsinJapan.Eachchapteriswrittenbyaleadingcurrentspecialistin thefield.Inwell-studiedgroupssuchasvertebrates,thetopicsaretreatedinterms of the process of the formation of the faunas in geological time, i.e., during the Quaternary period (Chaps. 1, 3, and 5), as well as the biogeographic patterns of Preface vii community composition (Chap. 4). On the other hand, a number of taxa remain poorlyinvestigated, mostlyamongmarineinvertebrates(Chaps.2,13,14,15,16, 17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,and27)butalsointerrestrialandfreshwater groups(Chaps.8,9,10,11,and12). The authors of each chapter in this book are members of ZSJ and/or active contributors to the society’s periodical journals,ZoologicalScience and Zoological Letters. They range in stage of career from young postdocs (Chaps. 9 and 20) to professorsemeritus(Chaps.17,26,and27),andwerechosenasspecialistsinmajor groups of animals. The following phyla are not covered in this book: Placozoa, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Orthonectida, Gnathostomulida, Gastrotricha, Rotifera, Phoronida, Brachiopoda, Chaetognatha, Cycliophora, Micrognathozoa, Mollusca,Nematomorpha,Priapulida,Loricifera,Onychophora,Xenacoelomorpha, and Hemichordata. Completeness in taxonomic coverage at the phylum level was hamperedlargelyduetotheabsenceorpaucityofexpertsinZSJ(e.g.,Mollusca)or oftheanimalsthemselvesinJapan(e.g.,Cycliophora,Micrognathozoa,Onychophora). Futurestudiesandcollaborationsareexpectedtofillthegap,andwehopethatthisbook willstimulatefutureresearch. Kyoto,Japan MasaharuMotokawa Sapporo,Japan HiroshiKajihara Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the expertise of the following 52 specialists for reviewing the manuscripts: Wataru Abe (Dokkyo Medical University), Ramlall Biseswar (University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa), Graham Bird (Ka¯iti, New Zealand), Madgalena Błaz˙ewicz-Paszkowycz (University of Ło´dz´, Poland), Anastasiya O. Borisanova (Moscow State University, Russia), Geoff A. Boxshall (Natural History Museum, London, UK), Chaolun Allen Chen (Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan), Harlan Dean (University of Massa- chusetts Boston, USA), Koshiro Eto (Kyoto University, Japan), Albrecht Fischer (University of Mainz, Germany), Hironobu Fukami (University of Miyazaki, Japan),DennisP.Gordon(NationalInstituteofWaterandAtmosphericResearch, New Zealand), Ian G. Greadall (Tohoku University, Japan), Richard W. Heard (University of Southern Mississippi, USA), Gordon Hendler (Natural History MuseumofLosAngelesCounty,USA),MatthiasHerrmann(MaxPlanckInstitute forDevelopmentalBiology,Germany),TsutomuHikida(KyotoUniversity,Japan), Euichi Hirose (University of the Ryukyus, Japan), F. G. “Eric” Hochberg (Santa BarbaraMuseumofNaturalHistory,USA),BertHoeksema(NaturalisBiodiversity Center, Netherlands), Zhon-Ge Hou (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China), Yukimitsu Imahara (Biological Institute on Kuroshio, Japan), Michelle Kelly (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand), Yi-Te Lai (National Taiwan University, Taiwan), Kohji Mabuchi (UniversityofTokyo,Japan),MasafumiMatsui(KyotoUniversity,Japan),Bierger Neuhaus (Museum f€ur Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany), Claus Nielsen (Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark), Teruaki Nishikawa (Toho University/Nagoya University, Japan), Isao Nishiumi (National MuseumofNatureandScience,Japan),HirokuniNoda(TokyoWomen’sMedical University, Japan), Jon L. Norenburg (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA), Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa (National Autono- mousUniversityofMexico,Mexico),SoichiOsozawa(TohokuUniversity,Japan), Fernando Pardos (Universidad Complutense, Spain), David Pawson (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA), Anja Schulze (Texas ix x Acknowledgments A&M University, USA), Akio Shinohara (University of Miyazaki, Japan), Boris Sket(UniversityofLjubljana,Slovenia),RalfJ.Sommer(MaxPlanckInstitutefor Developmental Biology, Germany), Sabine St€ohr (Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden), Shi-Chun Sun (Ocean University of China, China), Hitoshi Suzuki (Hokkaido University, Japan), Masaoki Takagi (Osaka City University, Japan),HiroshiTakahashi(NationalFisheriesUniversity,Japan),MasaatsuTanaka (Toho University, Japan), Mamoru Toda (University of the Ryukyus, Japan), Atsushi Tominaga (University of the Ryukyus, Japan), Hiroshi Ueda (Kochi Uni- versity, Japan), Rob Van Soest (Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Netherlands), Yi-QuanWang(XiamenUniversity,China),AlexHon-TsenYu(NationalTaiwan University, Taiwan). We thank Matthew H. Dick (Hokkaido University) for improving the English in the preface and some chapters of the book. We thank Dr. Misato Kochi (Springer Japan) for her precise support and kind help. We are alsothankfultoProfessorKazufumiTakamune(KumamotoUniversity)forgiving usthis tremendous opportunitytoeditthisbook. Finally,we thank allthe authors fortheirfinecontributionstoourbook.
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