Specialty Polymers PDF
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Specialty Polymers SPECIALTY POLYMERS Edited by R.W. DYSON Senior Lecturer in Polymer Technology London School of Polymer Technology Polytechnic of North London Blackie Glasgow and London Published in the USA by Chapman and Hall New York Blackie & Son Limited, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow G64 2NZ 7 Leicester Place London WC2H 7BP Published in the USA by Chapman and Hall in association with Methuen, Inc. 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001-2291 © 1987 Blackie & Son Ltd First published 1987 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the Publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Specialty polymers. 1. Polymers and polymerization I. Dyson, R.W. 547.7 QD381 ISBN-13: 978-0-216-92248-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-7894-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7894-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Specialty polymers. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Polymers and polymerization. I. Dyson, R.W. (Robert William), 1942- QD381.S634 1987 668.9 87-6673 Phototypesetting by Thomson Press (India) Ltd, New Delhi Contents Abbreviations ix Trade names xi Introduction 1 1 Polymer structures and general properties 3 R.W. DYSON 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Polymer structures 3 1.3 Morphology and softening behaviour 5 1.4 Amorphous polymers and softening behaviour 8 1.5 Semi-crystalline polymers and softening behaviour 9 1.6 Molecular weight 10 1.7 Copolymers 12 1.8 Chemical behaviour 14 1.9 Solubility 16 1.10 Electrical properties 18 1.11 Conclusion 19 Further reading 19 2 Polymerization 20 R.W. DYSON 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Addition polymerization 20 2.2.1 Monomers 20 2.2.2 Free radical polymerization 21 2.2.3 Ionic polymerization 23 2.2.4 Catalytic surface polymerization 24 2.3 Step-growth polymerization 24 2.4 Copolymer formation 26 2.4.1 Step growth polymerization 27 2.4.2 Random copolymers 27 2.4.3 Block copolymers 30 2.4.4 Graft copolymers 32 2.5 Chemical conversion 35 2.6 Polyblends 35 2.7 Conclusion 37 3 High-temperature and fire-resistant polymers 38 M.S.M. ALGER 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 The need for thermally resistant polymers 40 3.3 Improving low-performance polymers for high-temperature use 40 3.4 The need for fire-resistant polymers 42 3.5 Polymers for low fire hazards 45 VI CONTENTS 3.6 Polymers for high temperature resistance 46 3.6.1 Fluoropolymers 48 3.6.2 Aromatic polymers 49 3.6.3 Hydrocarbon polymers 51 3.6.4 Polyethers 52 3.6.5 Polyphenyl sulphide 53 3.6.6 Polysulphones 53 3.6.7 Polyesters 55 3.6.8 Polyamides 57 3.6.9 Polyketones 59 3.7 Heterocyclic polymers 60 3.7.1 Polyimides 60 3.7.2 Other polymers 63 Further reading 64 4 Hydrophilic polymers 65 CA. FINCH 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Natural polymers 67 4.2.1 Carbohydrates 67 4.2.2 Proteins 71 4.3 Semi-synthetic polymers 72 4.4 Synthetic polymers 75 4.4.1 Hydrogel 75 4.4.2 Polyacrylamide hydrophilic polymers 79 4.4.3 Polyvinyl alcohol 81 4.4.4 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 81 Further reading 82 5 Polymers with electrical and electromeric properties 83 M. GOOSEY 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Conducting polymers 83 5.2.1 Introduction 83 5.2.2 Conduction mechanisms 84 5.2.3 Polyacetylene 86 5.2.4 Polyparaphenylenes (PPP) 88 5.2.5 Polypyrrole 89 5.2.6 Other important conducting polymers 90 5.2.7 Organometallic polymers 91 5.2.8 Applications for conducting polymers 92 5.3 Photoconducting polymers 92 5.4 Polymers in non-linear optics 94 5.5 Polymers with piezoelectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties 95 5.5.1 Introduction 95 5.5.2 Polyvinylidene l1uoride (CH2 CF 2) 96 5.5.3 Polyvinylidene l1uoride-tril1uoroethylene copolymers (PVDF- TrF) 98 5.5.4 Other materials 98 5.s.5 Applications 99 5.6 Photoresists for semiconductor fabrication 100 5.6.1 Introduction 100 5.6.2 Negative photoresists 103 5.6.3 Positive photoresists 104 5.6.4 Electron beam lithography 105 5.6.5 Plasma developable photoresists 106 References 108 CONTENTS vii no 6 Ionic polymers B.N. HENDY 6.1 Introduction 110 6.2 Classification 110 6.2.1 Type of bound ion 110 6.2.2 Position of the bound ion 111 6.2.3 Amount of bound ion 111 6.2.4 Type of counter-ion 111 6.2.5 The backbone 112 6.3 Synthesis 112 6.4 Physical properties and applications 114 6.4.1 Ionic cross-linking 114 6.4.2 Ion-exchange 117 6.4.3 Hydrophilicity 121 6.5 Ionomers based on polyethylene 123 6.6 Elastomeric ionomers 126 6.7 Ionomers based on polystyrene 130 6.8 Ionomers based on polytetralluoroethylene 134 6.9 Ionomers with polyaromatic backbones 136 6.10 Polyelectrolytes for ion-exchange 137 6.11 Polyelectrolytes based on carboxylates 141 6.12 Polymers with integral ions 142 6.12.1 Halato-telechelic polymers (HTPs) 142 6.12.2 Ionenes 143 6.12.3 Polyethylenimine (PEl) 144 6.13 Polyelectrolyte complexes 144 6.14 Blends of polymers and salts 145 6.15 Biological and inorganic ionic polymers 146 6.16 Conclusions 148 References 148 7 Polyurethanes 150 R.G. PEARSON 7.1 Introduction 150 7.2 Chemical aspects 150 7.2.1 Reactions 150 7.2.2 Molecular structures 154 7.2.3 Component materials 157 7.3 Product types 160 7.3.1 Foams 160 7.3.2 RIM and RRIM 168 7.3.3 Thermoplastic polyurethanes 172 7.3.4 Rubbers 176 7.3.5 Fibres, coatings and adhesives 179 7.4 Conclusion 180 References and further reading 180 Index 181 Contributors M.S.M. Alger London School of Polymer Technology, The Polytechnic of North London, Holloway, London N7 8DB, UK R.W. Dyson London School of Polymer Technology, The Polytechnic of North London, Holloway, London N7 8DB, UK C.A. Finch Pentafin Associates, Weston Turville, Aylesbury, Bucks HP22 5TT, UK M. Goosey Plessey Research, Allen Clark Research Centre, Caswell, Towcester, Northants MN12 8EQ, UK B.N. Hendy New Science Group, ICI pIc, PO Box 90, Wilton, Middlesbrough, Cleveland TS6 8JE R.G. Pearson London School of Polymer Technology, The Polytechnic of North London, Holloway, London N7 8DB, UK Abbreviations ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene AMPS 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulphonic acid C-PS carboxylated polystyrene DSC differential scanning calorimeter (calorimetry) DVB di-vinyl benzene ENB ethylene norbornene EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene monomer terpolymer EPR ethylene-propylene rubber HEMA hydroxyethyl methacrylate HDT heat distortion temperature HTP halato-telechelic polymer IPN interpenetrating network LCP liquid crystal polymer LOI limiting oxygen index MDI 4,4 diphenylmethane diisocyanate MOCA 4,4 methylene-bis-2-chloroaniline MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor NBR nitrile rubber (acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer) NDI naphthalene diisocyanate PA polyamide (nylons) PAQR poly (acene-quinone radical) polymer PBI polybenzimidazole PBT polybutylene terephthalate PC polycarbonate PEC polyelectrolyte complex PEEK polyether-etherketone PEl polyethylenimine PEK polyether ketone PES polyether sulphone (victrex type) PESujPSu polyether sulphone (udel type) PET polyethylene terephthalate PF phenol formaldehyde resin PMMA polymethylmethacrylate POM polyoxy-methylene (acetals) POSFET piezoelectric oxide semiconductor field effect transistor PPE polyphenylene ether PPO poly dimethyl-phenylene oxide x ABBREVIATIONS PPP polyparaphenylene PPS polyphenylene sulphide PPSe polyphenylene selenide PPTS poly pyrrole toluene sulphonate PPV poly-p-phenylene vinylene PS polystyrene PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene PTrFE polytrifluoroethylene PU polyurethane PYA polyvinyl alcohol PVC polyvinyl chloride PVDF polyvivnylidene fluoride PVK poly-n-vinyl carbazole PVP polyvinyl pyrrolidone RIM reaction injection moulding RRIM reinforced reaction injection moulding SAXS small angle X-ray scattering SBR styryne butadiene rubber SCMC sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose SIN simultaneously inter-penetrating network S-PS sulphonated polystyrene TDI tolylene (or toluene) diisocyanate TLV threshold limit value TNF trinitrofluorenone TrFE trifluoro ethylene Note: this list includes standard abbreviations for polymers mentioned in the text, even though the abbreviation itself is not mentioned. Trade names Aclar fluoropolymer Du Pont Adiprene polyurethane Uniroyal Algoflon fluoropolymer Montedison Amberlite ion exchange resins Rohm and Haas Amberlyst polyelectrolyte Rohm and Haas Arcton fluorotrichloromethane ICI Ardel aromatic polyester Union Carbide Arylef aromatic polyester Solvay Arylon aromatic polyester Du Pont Astrel polyether sui phone 3M Carbopol acrylic polyelectrolyte BF Goodrich Carboset acrylic polyelectrolyte BF Goodrich Dowex aminated styrene copolymer Dow Chemical Duolite polyelectrolyte Rohm and Haas Ekkcel aromatic polyester Carborundum Ekonol aromatic polyester Carborundum Flemion carboxylated fluoropolymer Asahi Glass Fluon fluoropolymer ICI Fluorel fluoropolymer 3M Fluothane fluoropolymer USI Freon fluorotrichloromethane Du Pont Gantrez AN polyelectrolyte GAF Grilamid TR aromatic polyamide Emser Halon fluoropolymer Du Pont H resin aromatic hydrocarbon Hercules Hostaflon fluoropolymer Hoechst Hostaflor C fluoropolymer Hoechst Hostatec polyether ketone Hoechst Hycar polycarboxyllic acid BF Goodrich Hypalon chi oro-sulphonated polyethylene Du Pont Ixef aromatic polyamide Solvay Kalrez fluoropolymer Du Pont Kapton polyimide Du Pont Kelf fluoropolymer 3M Kerimid polybismaleimide Rhone-Poulenc Kevlar aromatic polyamide Du Pont Kinel polybismaleimide Rhone-Poulenc Krynac carboxylated nitrile rubber Doverstrand Luranyl polyphenylene oxide (blend) BASF
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