Specialty Optical Fibers Handbook

841 Pages·2007·9.75 MB·English

by  Alexis Mendez (Editor)

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Specialty Optical Fibers Handbook
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Specialty Optical Fibers
Handbook
´
ALEXIS MENDEZ
MCHEngineering,LLC,Alameda,California
T. F. MORSE
PhotonicsCenter,BostonUniversity,Boston,Massachusetts
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON (cid:127) HEIDELBERG (cid:127) LONDON
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Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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To my wife Shiva
for her unconditional love, support, and patience
A.M.
‘‘Undertheshadeofyourtresses,
howsoftlysleptmyheart,
intoxicatedandlovely,
sopeacefulandsofree...’’
RUMI
To Edelgard
for her patience, wisdom, and love.
T.F.M.
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Contents
Dedication v
Editors xxiii
List ofContributors xxv
Preface xxxvii
1 Specialty Optical Fiber Market Overview 1
Stephen Montgomery
1.1 Market Overview 1
1.1.1 Production Versus Consumption 1
1.1.2 Rapidly Growing Need toUse Fiber Optic Sensors 2
1.1.3 Weapon System Development 3
1.1.4 100–1000(cid:1)Improvements inPerformance 3
1.1.5 High Cost of Functionality 4
1.1.6 Multiple Features in the SameSpecialty Fibers 4
1.2 SpecialtyOptical Fibers: A Few Selected Examples 4
1.2.1 Fluoride Fiber 4
1.2.2 Tellurite Fiber 5
1.2.3 Bismuth-Doped Fiber 5
1.2.4 Polarizing Fiber 6
1.2.5 Photonic Crystal Fiber—Holey Fibers 7
1.2.6 Dispersion-Compensating Fiber 8
1.2.7 High-Index Fiber 11
1.2.8 Polarization-Maintaining Fiber 11
1.2.9 Photosensitive Fiber 13
1.2.10 Erbium-Doped Fiber 13
1.3 Conclusions 17
2 Light-Guiding Fundamentalsand Fiber Design 19
RobertLingle,Jr., DavidW.Peckham,Alan McCurdy,
and Jinkee Kim
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Physical Structure ofa Telecommunications Optical Fiber 20
vii
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viii Contents
2.3 LinearLightwave Propagation in anOpticalFiber 20
2.3.1 ElectromagneticPreliminaries 20
2.3.2 Intuition from theSlab Waveguide 22
2.3.3 Optical Fiber: A CylindricalWaveguide 24
2.3.4 The Linearly Polarized Mode Set LP 25
lm
2.3.5 FiniteElement Analysis forWaveguide Calculations 27
2.4 Working Definitionsof Cutoff Wavelength 29
2.4.1 Introduction 29
2.4.2 Theoretical Cutoff Wavelength 29
2.4.3 EffectiveCutoffWavelengths 29
2.5 Impact ofProfile Design on Macrobending Losses 32
2.5.1 The Depressed CladdingFiberDesign 32
2.5.2 Phenomenology of MacrobendingLoss 34
2.6 FiberAttenuation Loss 36
2.7 Origins of Chromatic Dispersion 38
2.7.1 Introduction 38
2.7.2 Material Dispersion 38
2.7.3 WaveguideDispersion 42
2.8 Polarization Mode Dispersion 45
2.8.1 Overview 45
2.8.2 Background 46
2.8.3 Modeling and Simulation 48
2.8.4 Controlof PMD in Fiber Manufacturing 49
2.8.5 Measurement ofPMD 51
2.8.6 Fiber-to-Cable-to-Field PMD Mapping 53
2.9 Microbending Loss 55
2.9.1 Microbending 55
2.10 FiberNonlinearities 60
2.10.1 Overview 60
2.10.2 Background 61
References 65
3 Overview ofMaterials and Fabrication Technologies 69
JohnB. MacChesney, Ryan Bise, and Alexis Me´ndez
3.1 Double-CrucibleTechnique 69
3.2 Vapor-Deposition Techniques 70
3.3 Outside Vapor Deposition 71
3.4 Vertical Axial Deposition 73
3.5 DirectNanoparticle Deposition 75
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Contents ix
3.6 ModifiedChemical Vapor Deposition 77
3.6.1 Chemical Equilibria: DopantIncorporation 78
3.6.2 Purification from Hydroxyl Contamination 80
3.6.3 Thermophoresis 80
3.7 PlasmaChemical Vapor Deposition 82
3.8 Sol-GelProcesses 83
3.8.1 Alkoxide Sol-GelProcessing 83
3.8.2 Colloidal Sol-GelProcessing 84
3.9 Sol-GelMicrostructure Fiber Fabrication 86
3.10 Fiber Drawing 88
Acknowledgments 91
References 91
4 OpticalFiber Coatings 95
Steven R. Schmidand AnthonyF. Toussaint
4.1 Introduction 95
4.2 Early Historyof Coatings forOpticalFiber 96
4.3 Evolution ofOpticalFibers and ProtectiveCoatings 97
4.3.1 Coating Contributionsto Microbending
Minimization 97
4.3.2 GlassFiberFracture Mechanics and Coating
Contributionsto Fiber StrengthRetention 99
4.3.3 Durability of Fiber Optic Coatings 100
4.4 Cabling ofOpticalFibers 102
4.5 SpecialtyCoatings 103
4.6 Basics of Optical Fiber Chemistry 103
4.6.1 Oligomers 103
4.6.2 Monomers 105
4.6.3 Photoinitiators 105
4.6.4 Adhesion Promoters 105
4.6.5 Other Additives 106
4.7 Application ofCoatings on theDraw Tower 108
4.7.1 Coating Cure Speed MeasurementTechniques 110
4.7.2 Cured Properties of Coatings on Fiber 113
4.7.3 TestMethodsfor UV-Curable Liquids
and UV-Cured Films 115
4.7.4 Coating Adhesion 117
4.8 Summary 117
Acknowledgments 118
References 118