Table Of Content

SPECIAL OPERATIONS IN US STRATEGY Edited by Frank R. Barnett B. Hugh Tovar Richard H. Shultz National Defense Univerity Press National Strategy Information Center, Inc. NATIONAL STRATEGY INFORMATION CENTER, INC. 150 East 58th Street, New York, N.Y. 10155 (212) 838-2912 OFFICERS FRANK R. BARNETT* REAR ADMIRAL WILLIAM C. MOTT. USN President (Ret.)* DOROTHY E. NICOLOSI* Vice President and General Counsel Vice President and Treasurer HUGH F McGOWAN. JR. PAUL E. FEFFER* Secretary International Vice President OMER PACE (President, Feffer & Simons, Inc.) Assistant Secretary and Assistant Treasurer DIRECTORS KARL R. BENDETSEN JERALD C. NEWMAN Chairman and Chief Executive. Retired President and Chief'Administrative Officer ■Champion International Corporation The Bowery Savings Bank D. TENNANT BRYAN ROBERT H. PARSLEY Chairman of the Board Butler, Binion, Rice, Cook and Knapp Media General. Inc. FRANK SHAKESPEARE PRESCOTT S. BUSH. JR. Vice Chairman Senior Vice President and Director RKO General. Inc. Johnson <5 Higgins CHARLES E. STEVINSON RICHARD C. HAM President Attorney at Law Denver West MORRIS I. LEIBMAN JAMES L. WINOKUR Sidley & Austin Chairman JOHN NORTON MOORE Air Tool Parts and Service Company Walter L. Brown Professor of Law and Director. MAJOR GENERAL RICHARD A. YUDKIN. Center for Ocean Law and Policy. USAF (Ret.) University of Virginia Senior Vice President. Retired ADMIRAL THOMAS H. MOORER. USN (Ret.) Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation ADVISORY COUNCIL ISAAC L. AUERBACH LLOYD NOBLE VICE ADMIRAL M. G. BAYNE. USN (Ret.) HARRY A. POTH. JR. ALLYN R. BELL. JR. ADOLPH W. SCHMIDT JOSEPH COORS FREDERICK SEITZ HENRY H. FOWLER LAURENCE H. SILBERMAN JOHN W HANES. JR. ARTHUR SPITZER ADMIRAL MEANS JOHNSTON. USN (Ret.) JOHN A. SUTRO R DANIEL McMICHAEL ALBERT L. WEEKS REAR ADMIRAL DAVID L. MARTINEAU. DEE WORKMAN USN (Ret.) EVELLEJ.YQUNGER CHUCK MAU ADMIRAL ELMO R ZUMWALT. JR.. USN VICE ADMIRAL J. P. MOORER. USN (Ret.) (Ret.) DILLARD MUNFORD WASHINGTON OFFICE 1730 Rhode Island Avenue. N.W. Washington. D.C. 20036 (202) 429-0129 DR. ROY GODSON Director (Associate Professor of Government. Georgetown University) *Also Directors SPECIAL OPERATIONS IN US STRATEGY SPECIAL OPERATIONS IN US STRATEGY Edited by Frank R. Barnett B. Hugh Tovar Richard H. Shultz Published by National Defense University Press in cooperation with National Strategy Information Center Inc. Copyright © 1984 by the National Strategy Information Center, Inc. Printed by per mission. Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied in this volume are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National De fense University, the Department of Defense, or any other government agency or private organization. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 84-601134. Renee Loeffler prepared the index for this book under contract DAHC32-85-M-1 I05. This book is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Facsimile copies may be purchased as follows: Registered users should contact the Defense Technical Information Center, Cameron Station, Alex andria, Virginia 22314; t he general public should contact the National Technical Infor mation Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. Firs! printing. December 1984. Second printing. September 1985. Third pri nting. October 1988. CONTENTS Foreword vii Introduction 1 Keynote Address by The Honorable John 0. Marsh, Jr. 17 Chapter /: Special Operations and the Threats to United States Interests in the 1980s 27 Maurice Tugwell and David Charters Discussion 44 Chapter 2: Special Operations in the 1980s: American Moral, Legal, Political, and Cultural Constraints 53 William V. O'Brien Discussion 85 Chapter 3: The Soviet Approach to Special Operations 95 John J. Dziak Discussion 121 Chapter 4: Military Capabilities and Special Operations in the 1980s 135 Roger M. Pezzel/e Discussion 153 Chapter 5: Intelligence Assets and Special Operations 167 B. Hugh Tovar Discussion 191 Chapter 6: Economic/Security Assistance and Special Operations 201 Douglas S. Blau/ arb Discussion 222 Chapter 7: Psychological Operations, Special Operations, and US Strategy 229 Alfred H. Paddock Discussion 252 Chapter 8: Organizational Strategy and Low-Intensity Conflicts 261 Sam C. Sarkesian Discussion 290 Participant List 301 Index 315 FOREWORD In March 1983, the National Strategy Information Center, the National Security Studies Program at Georgetown Universi ty, and the Na tion al Defense University jointly sponsored a two-day symposium on "The Role of Special Operations in US Strategy for the 1980s." This meeting attracted current and former practitioners in the various functional areas of special operations and brough t them together with other professionals from government, academia, the media, and public policy centers. The purpose was two-fold: first, to examine how special opera tion s can com ple m ent a n eff ective "conven tional" defense capa bility; and second, to determine the means by which special operations could be legitimized as a crucial element in national security policy. Framed by a Keynote Address by the Honorable John 0. Marsh, Jr., Secretary of the Arm y, this volume contains the major pa pers presented at the symposium, along with the discussions which followed each presentation. In this text, the papers are introduced by Frank R. Barnett, B. Hugh Tovar, and Richard H. Shultz, each of whom was instrumental in arranging the symposium itself, as well as editing the work at hand. My predecessor, Lieutenant General John S. Pustay, US Air Force, believed that public awareness of vital national security concerns required active and cooperative educational efforts by both the government and the private sector. The Special Operations symposium was the result of such cooperation, and I am pleased to pu blish these proceedings. Richard D. Lawrence Lieutenant General, US Army President, National Defense University INTRODUCTION A serious illness can be difficult to detect because the initial symptoms are confused with those of commonplace disease. Some types of aggression likewise defy an early, accurate diagnosis. These species of political-military virus or ideological infection re sist early detection and can lead to large scale war if they are not identified and countered in their early stages. This book applies these medical analogies to the Soviet role in promoting and as sisting "revolutionary" insurgencies wit h met hods for which, as yet, the West has found no effective cure. (Some remedies, how ever, are proposed.) Moscow is busy not only deploying missiles and tank armies, or testing its four-ocean navy, for a possible major war. In the last dozen years, while the United States has remained off balance from the societal undertow of Vietnam, the USSR has dramati cally increased its "low-intensity" conflict skills, as well as in creasing its "conventional" war forces. The blatant Soviet invasion of Afghanist an was atypical. Normally, Moscow's power projtion is better camouflaged.