Special Immigrant Juvenile Status and Other Immigration Options for Children and Youth

1089 Pages·2018·82.326 MB·English

by  Angie Junck, Alison Kamhi, Rachel Prandini, Kristen Jackson

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Reauthorization Act of 2008 (TVPRA), introduced important protections for the treatment of nIm
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unaccompanied minors in the immigration system, many of which have continued to be clarified in
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recent years, and others of which have come under attack. This manual is an essential guide for those nmig
representing the increased number of unaccompanied minors who have migrated to the United States dir
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in recent years, as well as those representing immigrant youth who were brought to the United States Yrn
at a young age and know no other home. In particular, this manual provides background and guidance oat
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on the protections, procedures, and immigration options for immigrant children, including iJ
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unaccompanied minors under the TVPRA. It has a special focus on Special Immigrant Juvenile hnv
Status (SIJS), with an in-depth discussion of the legal requirements for SIJS eligibility, including e
“one-parent” SIJS cases, and step-by-step guidance for representing SIJS-eligible youth in both On Juvenile Status
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affirmative and defensive applications. The manual also provides information on other immigration tle
options for children and youth, including: U Nonimmigrant Status, T Nonimmigrant Status, Violence io
Against Women Act protection, asylum (with a special discussion of unaccompanied minor asylum nS
cases and evolving social group claims), family-based immigration options, citizenship, and others. It sta and Other Immigration Options
also addresses specialized issues such as working with and representing child clients, immigration t
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consequences of delinquency and drug trafficking or gang involvement, and the immigration detention
s for Children and Youth
system for youth. The manual contains many useful samples for practitioners, including screening
forms, sample SIJS and other applications, state court and immigration court motions, court orders and
other resources for helping advocates and their clients understand and interact with the juvenile court,
immigration court, and immigration authorities.
TEACHING, INTERPRETING AND CHANGING LAW SINCE I979
a publication of the
IMMIGRANT LEGAL
RESOURCE CENTER
5th Edition
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1663 MISSION STREET SUITE 602 E By Angie Junck, Alison Kamhi, and Rachel Prandini, ILRC Attorneys with
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94103 d Kristen Jackson
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T 415.255.9499 / F 415.255.9792 i
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WWW.ILRC.ORG
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Special Immigrant
Juvenile Status
and Other Immigration Options for
Children and Youth

5th Edition

By Angie Junck, Alison Kamhi, and Rachel Prandini, ILRC Attorneys
with Kristen Jackson

The Immigrant Legal Resource Center

A
Copyright 2018

Immigrant Legal Resource Center
1663 Mission Street, Suite 602
San Francisco, CA 94103
[phone]
www.ilrc.org
The Immigrant Legal Resource Center (ILRC) is a
national, nonprofit resource center that provides legal
trainings, educational materials, and advocacy to advance
immigrant rights. 
Since 1979, the mission of the ILRC is to work with and
educate immigrants, community organizations, and the
legal sector to continue to build a democratic society that
values diversity and the rights of all people.
WHAT WE DO
Legal Professionals & Advocates
 Trainings: Throughout the year, the ILRC staff
attorneys provide classroom seminars and
webinars on a wide range of topics that affect the
immigrant community.
 Publications: ILRC publishes some of the top
reference manuals on immigration law.
 Technical Assistance: Our unique, nation-wide consultation service called the Attorney of the Day
(AOD) provides legal assistance to attorneys, staff of nonprofit organizations, public defenders, and
others assisting immigrants.
Immigrants
 Community Advocacy: ILRC assists immigrant groups in understanding immigration law and the
democratic process in the United States, so as to enable them to advocate for better policies in
immigration law, as well as in health care, community safety, and other issues that affect the
immigrant community.
 Leadership Training: ILRC trains immigrant leaders how to be more effective advocates for their
communities.
 Know Your Rights Presentations: ILRC attorneys regularly conduct “know your rights” trainings
with immigrant-based organizations to inform immigrants about their rights under the immigration
laws and the United States Constitution, how to protect themselves from becoming victims of
immigration fraud, changes in immigration law and policy, and a host of other issues that affect the
lives of immigrants.
Laws, Policies & Practice
 Monitoring Changes in Immigration Law: ILRC attorneys are experts in the field of immigration
law, and keep abreast of the frequent changes in immigration case law and policy so that we can
inform our constituents of those changes as soon as they occur.
 Policies: ILRC conducts ongoing dialogues between Immigration Service officials and the
community agency representatives to help ensure that government policies and procedures are
more reasonable and fair, and to make sure that information about these policies is provided to the
immigrant advocacy community in a timely manner.
 Advocacy: ILRC advocates for reasonable changes in immigration law to get closer to our ideal of
a system that will recognize the contributions immigrants make to our society, respect their dignity,
and insure a workable, secure, and humane immigration system.
How to Contact Us
 General inquiries: [email protected]
 Publications: [email protected]
 Seminars: [email protected]
 Attorney of the Day (AOD): [email protected]
 Website: www.ilrc.org
How to Support Our Work
Please visit our website www.ilrc.org to make a tax-deductible contribution.
Special Immigrant Juvenile Status
June 2018
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is a great pleasure to acknowledge the people whose input, support and assistance have made
possible the Fifth Edition of Special Immigrant Juvenile Status and Other Immigration Options
for Children and Youth. This manual was made possible by generous support over the years from
the Morris Stulsaft Foundation, Haigh-Scatena Foundation, Zellerbach Family Foundation, Equal
Access Fund, and through the City of San Francisco’s funding for the San Francisco Immigrant
Legal Defense Collaborative.
This updated edition benefited greatly from the diligent work of Alison Kamhi, Supervising
Attorney at the ILRC. Alison’s practical and substantive expertise in immigrant children’s issues
was critical in updating, expanding, and improving our manual. Before coming to the ILRC,
Alison represented immigrant children at Catholic Charities in New York and more recently,
authored a model SIJS state statute to better ensure immigrant children have access to SIJS in
their respective state courts. Alison is also an expert in citizenship for children, among other
subjects. This edition was also brought up to date on current policy and practice thanks to the
thoughtful and practice-oriented contributions of Sara Van Hofwegen, Supervising Staff Attorney
at Public Counsel Law Center in Los Angeles, California, and Cecilia Candia, Staff Attorney at
Legal Services for Children in San Francisco, California. Sara updated two of the procedural
chapters on SIJS (Chapters 8–9), which required extensive edits due to changes in policy and
practice at U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services since the publication of the previous edition
of this manual. She also contributed significantly to the appendices included in the manual.
Cecilia updated the chapter on detention of children and youth (Chapter 18), an issue that has
captured the national attention of the public in recent years and been the subject of frequent and
ongoing litigation. Her first-hand experience working with detained immigrant youth brought
great depth and insight to that chapter. I am also grateful to Cindy Liou, a renowned expert in T
visas and Deputy Director of Legal Services at Kids in Need of Defense (KIND), who assisted in
updating the chapter on T visas for youth. Catherine Seitz, Legal Director at Legal Services for
Children, edited and added insight to two chapters on SIJS and state court systems.
The groundwork for this updated edition was made possible with the assistance of Kristen
Jackson, Senior Staff Attorney at Public Counsel Law Center in Los Angeles, California; Helen
Lawrence, immigration attorney and former ILRC law fellow; and Angie Junck, former ILRC
Supervising Attorney and Director of Immigrant Defense Programs. Kristen, a renowned national
expert in Special Immigrant Juvenile Status and children’s immigration issues, wrote the original
editions of the procedural chapters on SIJS (Chapters 7–9). She has been a great partner to the
ILRC over the years and we are grateful for all of her support. Helen, an immigration lawyer
based in Oakland, California, who has litigated some of the most complex legal issues affecting
immigrant children, wrote many of the chapters in prior editions of the manual. Without her
extensive work on the prior editions, we would not have been able to address the breadth of legal
issues facing immigrant children. Finally, Angie is a national expert on, among other things,
children’s immigration issues, the immigration consequences of delinquency, and immigration
issues in the child welfare system. Her contributions to the development of this manual made it
the comprehensive national resource that it is today.
We are grateful to Sally Kinoshita and Kathy Brady of the ILRC for writing the first edition of
this manual and laying the foundation for the immigrant youth work of the ILRC.
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June 2018
I am also very grateful to others who have contributed to this manual. Appendices materials were
provided by Lynette Parker, Clinical Professor at the Katharine & George Alexander Community
Law Center at Santa Clara University Law School; Catherine Seitz and the rest of the staff at
Legal Services for Children; Sara Van Hofwegen and the rest of the staff in the Immigrant
Rights’ Project at Public Counsel; Yliana Johansen-Méndez and the rest of the staff at Immigrant
Defenders Law Center; Erika Gonzalez and Carolyn Kim, Training and Technical Assistance
Senior Attorneys at The Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking (CAST); Katie Annand,
Managing Attorney – San Francisco at Kids in Need of Defense (KIND); Jenny Horne, Staff
Attorney at Legal Aid Society of San Mateo County; Abby Sullivan Engen, Supervising
Immigration Attorney, Centro Legal de la Raza; Anna Welch, Clinical Professor, University of
Maine School of Law; C. Mario Russell, Legal Director of Catholic Charities New York’s
Immigrant & Refugee Services Division; Brett Stark, Legal Director and Co-Founder of Terra
Firma, Catholic Charities New York; and Sarah Gavigan, Immigration Attorney at the Central
American Resource Center in San Francisco.
Lastly, I would like to thank other attorneys at the ILRC, in particular Eric Cohen, Sally
Kinoshita, Ariel Brown, Angie Junck, Em Puhl, Sharon Hing, and Allison Davenport for co-
writing and editing this manual, and ILRC intern Bryn Choi for her assistance in compiling
appendices. I am also grateful to Linda Mogannam and Tim Sheehan for all of their patience and
hard work.
Rachel Prandini
September 2018
ii
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SPECIAL IMMIGRANT JUVENILE STATUS AND OTHER IMMIGRATION
OPTIONS FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH
5TH EDITION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
§ 1.1 Introduction and Overview to This Manual ........................................................... 1
§ 1.2 Lawful Immigration Status and Forms of Immigration Relief
Available to Children and Youth ............................................................................ 5
§ 1.3 Immigration System Actors .................................................................................... 9
§ 1.4 Immigration Legal Provisions .............................................................................. 15
§ 1.5 Grounds of Inadmissibility and Deportability and Waivers ................................. 20
§ 1.6 Overview of the Immigration Process for Children and Youth ............................ 22
Chapter 2 Working with Children and Youth
§ 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 29
§ 2.2 Understanding a Child or Youth’s Developmental Stage
and Background .................................................................................................... 30
§ 2.3 General Practice Tips for Developmentally Appropriate Interviews
and Working with Children and Youth ................................................................ 34
§ 2.4 Special Considerations and Practice Tips for Working with Detained
Children and Youth .............................................................................................. 38
§ 2.5 Avoiding Re-Traumatization ................................................................................ 40
§ 2.6 Ethical Issues in Representing Children ............................................................... 42
PART II: SPECIAL IMMIGRANT JUVENILE STATUS FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH UNDER
JUVENILE COURT JURISDICTION
Chapter 3 Introduction and Overview to Special Immigrant Juvenile Status
§ 3.1 Lawful Immigration Status: What Is It and Why Is It Important? The
Stories of Julia, Martin, Eduardo, and Ramon ..................................................... 46
§ 3.2 What Is Special Immigrant Juvenile Status and Who Is Eligible to
Become a Permanent Resident Through Special Immigrant Juvenile
Status? .................................................................................................................. 47
§ 3.3 What Are the Benefits of Applying for Special Immigrant
Juvenile Status? .................................................................................................... 57
§ 3.4 What Are the Risks of Applying? ........................................................................ 58
§ 3.5 Who Should Apply? ............................................................................................. 59
§ 3.6 What Is the Application Procedure? ..................................................................... 59
§ 3.7 Expeditious Adjudication ..................................................................................... 62
§ 3.8 Talking with the Child Applicant and Child’s Attorney About SIJS ................... 62
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§ 3.9 Natural Parents, or Prior Adoptive Parents, and Maybe Siblings,
Cannot Benefit Through Grant of SIJS to Child .................................................. 62
§ 3.10 Children in Immigration Custody ......................................................................... 63
Chapter 4 Eligibility for Special Immigrant Juvenile Status
§ 4.1 History and Statutory Authority ........................................................................... 65
§ 4.2 Statutory and Regulatory Requirements ............................................................... 67
§ 4.3 Under the Jurisdiction of a Juvenile Court: Dependency,
Guardianship, Custody, Delinquency, and Adoption ........................................... 68
§ 4.4 Reunification with One or Both of the Immigrant’s Parents Is
Not Viable ............................................................................................................ 75
§ 4.5 Due to Abuse, Neglect, Abandonment, or a Similar Basis Found
Under State Law: Legal Standards, USCIS Requests for Evidence
and Documentation............................................................................................... 86
§ 4.6 Not in the Child’s Best Interest to Be Returned to Country of
Nationality or Last Habitual Residence ................................................................ 92
§ 4.7 Consent to the Grant of SIJS and Specific Consent ............................................. 94
§ 4.8 Additional Regulatory Requirements: Age, Continuing Jurisdiction
of the Juvenile Court, and Marriage ..................................................................... 98
§ 4.9 Expeditious Adjudication ................................................................................... 103
§ 4.10 Who Should Not Apply for Special Immigrant Juvenile Status:
Weighing Affirmative and Defensive SIJS Cases .............................................. 103
§ 4.11 How a Special Immigrant Juvenile Can Lose SIJS: Revocation
of Approval ........................................................................................................ 104
Chapter 5 Eligibility for Adjustment of Status to Permanent Residency for Special
Immigrant Juveniles
§ 5.1 Statutory Requirements for Adjustment of Status .............................................. 107
§ 5.2 Grounds of Inadmissibility and Deportability .................................................... 108
§ 5.3 Waivers of Inadmissibility: INA § 245(h)(2)(B) and INA § 212(h) .................. 123
§ 5.4 Availability of an Immigrant Visa ...................................................................... 124
§ 5.5 Discretion to Grant or Deny Adjustment of Status ............................................ 130
Chapter 6 Risks and Benefits of Applying
§ 6.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 133
§ 6.2 Pending Affirmative SIJS Cases ........................................................................ 134
§ 6.3 Employment Authorization for Adjustment of Status Applicants...................... 134
§ 6.4 Limited Eligibility for Public Benefits for Special
Immigrant Juveniles ........................................................................................... 135
§ 6.5 Benefits of Lawful Permanent Residency Through SIJS ................................... 135
§ 6.6 Risks of Applying in Affirmative SIJS Cases: Placement in Removal
Proceedings Based on Denial or Revocation of Status ...................................... 137
§ 6.7 People Who Obtain Lawful Permanent Residence Through SIJS
Cannot Petition for Natural or Prior Parents to Immigrate; They
Can Petition for New, Adoptive Parents ............................................................ 139
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Chapter 7 State Juvenile Courts and Obtaining SIJS Findings in Juvenile Courts
Part I: State Court Systems
§ 7.1 Dependency Proceedings ................................................................................... 142
§ 7.2 Guardianship Proceedings .................................................................................. 149
§ 7.3 Custody Proceedings .......................................................................................... 151
§ 7.4 Adoption ............................................................................................................. 154
§ 7.5 Delinquency Proceedings ................................................................................... 157
Part II: Obtaining SIJS Findings in Juvenile Courts (By Kristen Jackson)
§ 7.6 Obtaining Specific Consent When Needed ........................................................ 162
§ 7.7 Establishing Juvenile Court Jurisdiction if Not Already Existent ...................... 164
§ 7.8 Deciding When to Request the SIJS Findings .................................................... 166
§ 7.9 Determining Who Should Request the SIJS Findings ........................................ 167
§ 7.10 Preparing the Proposed SIJS Findings and SIJS Motion .................................... 169
§ 7.11 Presenting the Proposed SIJS Findings and SIJS Motion to the
Juvenile Court .................................................................................................... 172
§ 7.12 Maintaining the Child’s SIJS Eligibility After the Juvenile Court Has
Made the SIJS Findings ...................................................................................... 174
Chapter 8 Affirmative Special Immigrant Juvenile Status Cases
Part I: Creating the SIJS Packet
§ 8.1 Assessing the Child’s Immigration History ....................................................... 178
§ 8.2 Determining Which Applications to File ........................................................... 179
§ 8.3 Understanding the Risks of Applying for SIJS and Helping Your
Client Reach an Informed Decision ................................................................... 180
§ 8.4 General Guidelines for Forms to File in a Special Immigrant Juvenile
Status Packet ...................................................................................................... 181
§ 8.5 Completing Each USCIS Form .......................................................................... 182
§ 8.6 Meeting with the Child to Complete and Review Each Form ............................ 187
§ 8.7 Obtaining Supporting Materials ......................................................................... 187
§ 8.8 Drafting a Cover Page, Cover Letter, and Case Summary ................................. 196
§ 8.9 Assembling the SIJS Forms for Filing ............................................................... 197
Part II: The Affirmative SIJS Process Step-by-Step
§ 8.10 Filing the SIJS Packet......................................................................................... 199
§ 8.11 Completing the Biometrics Appointment and Obtaining the
Work Permit ....................................................................................................... 200
§ 8.12 Keeping Addresses Current ................................................................................ 201
§ 8.13 Common Adjudication Issues ............................................................................ 202
§ 8.14 Interviews ........................................................................................................... 207
§ 8.15 Notice of Decision: Approvals, Denials, and Appeals ....................................... 210
Chapter 9 Defensive Special Immigrant Juvenile Status Cases
Part I: The Defensive SIJS Process Step-by-Step
§ 9.1 Immigration Court and Obtaining Copies of the Child’s Immigration
Files .................................................................................................................... 217
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§ 9.2 Preparing for the Master Calendar Hearing ........................................................ 218
§ 9.3 Attending the Master Calendar Hearing ............................................................. 222
§ 9.4 Filing the I-360 Packet with USCIS ................................................................... 224
§ 9.5 Keeping Addresses Current ................................................................................ 224
§ 9.6 Obtaining a Decision on the I-360 from USCIS ................................................ 225
§ 9.7 Moving to Terminate the Removal Proceedings if Desired ............................... 226
§ 9.8 Obtaining the I-485 Fees or Fee Waiver ............................................................ 228
§ 9.9 Completing the Biometrics Requirement ........................................................... 229
§ 9.10 Filing the I-485 Packet with the Immigration Court .......................................... 230
§ 9.11 Obtaining a Work Permit ................................................................................... 231
§ 9.12 Preparing for the Merits Hearing ........................................................................ 232
§ 9.13 Attending the Merits Hearing ............................................................................. 234
§ 9.14 The Immigration Judge’s Decision: Approvals, Denials and Appeals ............... 237
Part II: Creating the I-360, I-485, and I-765 Packets
§ 9.15 General Guidelines for USCIS Forms ................................................................ 239
§ 9.16 Preparing the I-360 Packet for Filing with USCIS ............................................. 239
§ 9.17 Preparing the I-485 Packet for Filing with the Immigration Court .................... 240
§ 9.18 Preparing the I-765 Packet for Filing with USCIS ............................................. 243
Part III: Reopening Removal Proceedings for an SIJS-Eligible Child
§ 9.19 Obtaining a Copy of the Child’s Immigration Court File .................................. 246
§ 9.20 Preparing an I-246 Stay of Removal Packet ....................................................... 247
§ 9.21 Assessing Whether, Where, and When to File the Motion to Reopen ............... 248
§ 9.22 Preparing the Motion to Reopen ........................................................................ 251
§ 9.23 Convincing ICE to Join the Motion to Reopen .................................................. 252
§ 9.24 Filing the Motion to Reopen and Obtaining a Decision ..................................... 253
§ 9.25 Completing the Child’s SIJS-Based Adjustment of Status ................................ 254
PART III: OTHER FORMS OF IMMIGRATION RELIEF
Chapter 10 U Nonimmigrant Status (“U Visa”)
§ 10.1 Overview of Benefits and Eligibility .................................................................. 255
§ 10.2 Victim and Derivative Beneficiary Definitions .................................................. 258
§ 10.3 Victim of Criminal Activity ............................................................................... 263
§ 10.4 Suffered Substantial Physical or Mental Abuse ................................................. 264
§ 10.5 Helpful, Has Been Helpful, or Is Likely to Be Helpful in the
Criminal Investigation or Prosecution ................................................................ 265
§ 10.6 Victim of a Criminal Activity That Violated the Laws of the United
States or Occurred in the United States .............................................................. 267
§ 10.7 Admissible to the United States ......................................................................... 268
§ 10.8 Other Documentation Requirements .................................................................. 270
Chapter 11 Violence Against Women Act Relief
§ 11.1 Overview of VAWA Provisions ......................................................................... 273
§ 11.2 Requirements for VAWA Self-Petitioning Children ......................................... 274
§ 11.3 Children of the Self-Petitioner May Qualify for Derivative Status .................... 282
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§ 11.4 VAWA and the Child Status Protection Act (CSPA) ........................................ 283
§ 11.5 Conditional Permanent Residence and Abused Immigrants .............................. 285
§ 11.6 Cancellation of Removal for Abused Immigrants .............................................. 288
Chapter 12 Asylum, Withholding of Removal and Convention Against Torture
Protection
§ 12.1 Overview of Asylum and Related Protections ................................................... 291
§ 12.2 Well-Founded Fear of Persecution ..................................................................... 295
§ 12.3 Nexus and the Protected Grounds ...................................................................... 305
§ 12.4 Bars to Asylum and Related Protections ............................................................ 329
§ 12.5 The Asylum Process ........................................................................................... 339
§ 12.6 Withholding of Removal .................................................................................... 351
§ 12.7 Convention Against Torture ............................................................................... 352
Chapter 13 Family-Based Immigration
§ 13.1 Overview of the Family Immigration Process: A Two-Step Process ................. 357
§ 13.2 Overview of Who Can Immigrate Through Family-
Based Immigration ............................................................................................. 360
§ 13.3 Definition of “Child” and “Spouse” ................................................................... 362
§ 13.4 Family Immigration and Adoption ..................................................................... 367
§ 13.5 K Visas for Fiancé(e)s, Spouses, and Children of U.S. Citizens ........................ 371
§ 13.6 The Preference Category Immigration System .................................................. 374
§ 13.7 Derivative Beneficiaries ..................................................................................... 380
§ 13.8 The Child Status Protection Act (CSPA) ........................................................... 382
§ 13.9 V Nonimmigrant Visas for Spouses and Children of U.S.
Permanent Residents .......................................................................................... 386
Chapter 14 Citizenship for Children and Youth
§ 14.1 Introduction to Citizenship ................................................................................. 389
§ 14.2 Overview of Acquisition and Derivation of Citizenship .................................... 391
§ 14.3 Introduction to Acquisition of Citizenship ......................................................... 392
§ 14.4 Derivation of Citizenship ................................................................................... 395
§ 14.5 Child Citizenship Act of 2000 ............................................................................ 397
§ 14.6 Citizenship Under INA § 322: Children of U.S. Citizens
Living Abroad .................................................................................................... 401
Chapter 15 Human Trafficking and T Visas
§ 15.1 Overview of Human Trafficking ........................................................................ 407
§ 15.2 Benefits from Department of Health and Human Services from
Receiving Continued Presence (CP), T Visa, or as an
Unaccompanied Minor ....................................................................................... 410
§ 15.3 T Visa Eligibility ................................................................................................ 415
§ 15.4 Element One: Victim of a Severe Form of Human Trafficking ......................... 416
§ 15.5 Element Two: Physical Presence on Account of Trafficking ............................ 424
§ 15.6 Element Three: Compliance with Any Reasonable Request for
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