Spatial distribution and sampling of Corythucha ciliata (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in London plane trees

2019·3 MB·

by  He-Ping Wei

©EntomologicaFennica. 21 March2013
Spatial distribution and sampling of Corythucha ciliata
(Hemiptera: Tingidae) in London plane trees
He—PingWei, FengWang* &Rui-TingJu
Wei,H.-P.,Wang,F. &Ju,R.-T.2013: SpatialdistributionandsamplingofCo—
rythuchaciliata(Hemiptera: Tingidae)inLondonplanetrees.—Entomol. Fen-
nica24: 43—52.
Taylor’spowerlawandIwao’spatchiness regressionwereusedto describethe
dispersion patterns for overwintering and wandering stages of Corythucha
ciliata ontheLondonplanetrees,Platanus >< acerifolia (Ait.)Willd. BothTay-
lor’s and Iwao’s tests fit the distribution data for the overwintering stage. The
overwinteringadultswerespatiallyaggregated.Inthewanderingstage,Taylor’s
powerlawconsistently fitthedata, whereasthefitofIwao’spatchinessregres-
sionwaserratic. BothIwao’sandTaylor’sindicesindicatedaclumpeddistribu-
tionpatternforeggs,nymphs,andwanderingadults. Trunkwasidentifiedasthe
bestsamplingtargetfortheoverwinteringstagewhereastwigwasthebestforthe
wanderingstage.Inordertodeterminethesamplesizeforevaluatingwhetherthe
populationhasreachedthecontrolthreshold,thesamplingof35and7trunksfor
theoverwinteringstageand32and8twigspertreeforthewanderingstagewould
provide0.5- and0.25-precisionlevels, respectively.
H.—P. Wei, SchoolofLifeSciences, Anqing Teachers College, Anqing246011,
Anhui, P. R. China
F. Wang>’< & R.—T. Ju, Department ofPlant Protection, Shanghai Institute of
LandscapeGardeningScience,No. 899LongwuRoad,thuiDistrict,Shanghai
200232, P. R. China; >"Correspondingauthor’se—mail.‘ [email protected]
Received9July2012, accepted5November2012
1. Introduction Anhui, Jiangsu, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing,
Hunan, Hubei, Henan, and Shandong) over the
Thesycamorelacebug, Corythuchaciliata(Say) last decade (Ju et al. 2009, Ju & Li 2010). It
(Hemiptera: Tingidae), is a relatively recent, in- causes serious damage inthe Yangtze Riverba-
vasive, and exotic pest ofPlatanas trees (Plata— sin, and particularly in Shanghai, Jiangsu and
naceae) inChina(Ju&Li2010). This herbivore Hubeiwherealmost70%ofthehosttreesarecur-
originated from North America (Halbert & rentlyinfested(Juetal. 2009).
Meeker 1998)andisnowwidelyspreadinmany Corythuchaciliatahasashortlifecycleandit
countries throughout Europe (Maceljski 1986, is oligophagous. Its hosts, Platanas spp., are
Mutun2009), SouthandNorthAmerica(Halbert widely distributed in China, because they are
& Meeker 1998), Australia, andAsia (Chung et commonly planted along city streets (Ju et al.
al. 1996, Juetal. 2009, Ju&Li2010). InChina, 2010a,2011a). Theinsectcompletesfivegenera-
C. ciliatawas firstreportedin2002 inChangsha tionsperyearinWuhanandShanghai, withfive
ofHunan Province (Streito 2006), and was re- immatureinstarspergeneration(Xiaetal. 2007,
portedin11otherprovinces(Shanghai,Zhejiang, Xiaoetal. 2010,Juetal. 2011a).Itspiercingand
44 Weietal. ° ENTOMOL. FENNICAVol. 24
Table 1. Locationswith plotnumbers,approximatetreeages(years)and monthsofin-
vestigation in2010ofCon/thuchaciliata.
Plot Location in Shanghai Tree age Month
1 Zhaojiabang Road, thui District 50 February
2 People Square, Huangpu District 50 March
3 Renmin Park, Huangpu District 50 February
4 WestYan’an Road, Changning District 50 March
5 Dongfang Road, Pudong District 45 March
6 Longwu Road, thui District 50 July
7 West Longhua Road, thui District 50 August
8 Qiujing Road, Songjiang District 50 August
suckingfeedinghabitsinitiallycausewhitestipp- ofthispaperwere: (1) to determinethe distribu-
lingontheleaves,whichreducesphotosynthesis tionpatternofvarious stagesofC. ciliata among
and respiration and also reduces the aesthetic andwithin Londonplane trees, and(2) to deter-
value ofthe trees (Ju etal. 2010b). The stippled mine the optimal sampling units for estimating
foliagethenbecomes chlorotic andbronzed, and C. ciliatapopulationdensities.
theaffectedtreesexperienceprematureleafdrop
(Halbert&Meeker1998).Severalyearsofsevere
damagebyC. ciliatacombinedwiththeeffectsof 2. Material and methods
other environmental stresses may kill the host
trees (Halbert&Meeker 1998). 2.1.Location andinvestigationperiods
Because of serious damage caused by C.
ciliata in many parts ofthe world, the pest has Corythucha ciliata populations were examined
beenfrequentlystudied. Researchershaveinves- on London plane trees, Platanus >< acerifolia
tigatedits geographical spread(észi etal. 2005, (Ait.)Willd., ateightlocations orplots(Table 1)
Chung etal. 1996, Mizuno etal. 2004, Li etal. inShanghai,China(31.2°N, 121.5°E)duringtwo
2008), population dynamics (észi et al. 2005), periods in 2010: February—March (adults were
biological characteristics (Battisti et al.1985, overwintering) and July—August (adults and
Cheol & Kwang 2000, Xia etal. 2007, Ju etal. nymphsofthesecondandthirdgenerationswere
2010a),thermaltolerance(Juetal.20100,2011b, intheirwandering stage). Eachoftheeightplots
0), natural enemies (Balarin & Maceljski, contained 100—120 trees.
1986a,b), and control (Jasinka & Bozsits 1977,
Jasinka 1981, Wicki 1984, Reiderné & Ripka
1990,Cheol&Kwang2000).ManagementofC. 2.2.Distributionpatterns
ciliata includes repeated applications of ofoverwintering adults
organophosphorous,syntheticpyrethroid,imida—
cloprid, thiamethoxam, or acetamiprid insecti- Adult C. ciliata overwinters under the bark of
cides(Juetal. 2009,Xiaoetal. 2010,Chenetal. theirhost(Xiaetal. 2007). To explorethepopu-
2011). Basic information concerning C. ciliata lation distribution pattern for overwintering
ecology, however, remains insufficient. Because adults, trees in five plots (plots 1—5 in Table 1)
efficientpestcontrolrequiresbasicecologicalin- weresampled.Thetreesintheseplotswereabout
formation,morestudiesonC. ciliataecologyare 8—10mtall,about20—25cmindiameteratbreast
needed. height, and were not treated with pesticide or
The spatial distribution ofapestis one ofits prunedduring the samplingperiod. Ineachplot,
most important ecological properties (Taylor eighttreeswererandomly selected, and samples
1984), andinformationconcerning spatialdistri- werecollectedseparatelyfromthetrunkandfrom
bution is essential for pest management in the the branches ofeach tree. The adults were col-
field(Bechinski &Pedigo 1981). Theobjectives lectedby removing all ofthebarks onthe trunk
ENTOMOL. FENNICAVol. 24 ° DistributionandsamplingofC. ciliata 45
fromthesoilsurfacetothefirstbranchandbyre- eggs, nymphs, andthewandering stageofadults
moving all thebarks from all the branches for a was based on the means and variances of the
distanceof50cmfromthetrunk.Theadultswere numberspertree,pertwig,andperleafTwoclas-
countedseparatelyfortrunkandbranches. sicaldispersionmodels, i.e., Taylor’spowerlaw
Means and variances of C. ciliata numbers (Taylor 1961) and Iwao’s regression (Iwao
werecalculatedfromtree-specificnumbersof40 1968),wereusedtoevaluatethedistributionofC.
trees, based onbug numbers ontrunks andtheir ciliata amongthedifferentparts ofthetree.
numbersonbranches.Themeanswerecompared
with a t—test (P < 0.05).The analyses were per- TheformulaforTaylor’spowerlawis:
formed with the statistical package SPSS NLN,
13.0 (SPSS 2006). S2= amb (1)
whereS2 is thevariance ofinsectnumbers inthe
2.3.Distributionpatterns foreggs, nymphs, sampling unit, m is the mean number ofthe in-
0rwanderingstageadults sectsinthesamplingunit,aisthesamplingfactor
thatchangeswiththe samplingunit, andb is the
Toexplorethepopulationdistributionpatternfor dispersionindexofacertainspecies.Thepopula-
eggs, nymphs, and wandering adults, trees in tionhasarandomorPoissondistributionwhenS2
threeplots (plots 6—8 in Table 1) were sampled. = m, auniformdistributionwhenS2 <m, andan
Thesetreeswereabout8—10mtall, about20—25 aggregateddistributionwhenS2>m(Yamamura
cm in diameter at breast height, and they were 2000). The coefficients a and b were estimated
also not treatedwith pesticide or pruned during fromthefollowing equation(Southwood 1978):
the sampling period. From each plot, 10 trees
wererandomly selected, andthe canopy ofeach Logsz= Loga+ b(L0gm) (2)
treewasdividedintoanupperlayer(thatreceived
substantial sunlight) andalowerlayer(thatwas Iwao’s patchiness regression was simulated by
shaded).Bothlayersweredividedintofourdirec- thefollowingequation(Iwao 1968):
tions (east, west, south, and north). Four twigs
werecutoutfromeverydirection.Eachtwigbore M*=a+[3m (3)
tenleaves.Thenumbersoftheeggs,nymphs,and
adultswerecountedperleaf, pertwig,perlayer, whereM* isthemeancrowding,onistheindexof
andpertree (basedon 8 twigs and80 leavesper basic contagion and B is density-contagiousness
layer and 16 twigs and 160 leaves per tree). coefficient.Whenon=0,asingleindividualisthe
Adults and nymphs were observed directly and basic componentofthedistribution, andwhenon
eggsweredetectedwithadissectingmicroscope. >0oron< 0,thereisapositiveornegativeassoci-
Thetwigswereplacedintoaplasticbagforbring- ation between individuals. The density-conta-
ing to the laboratory. They were stored at 5 °C giousness coefficient(B) indicateshowthebasic
andexaminedwithintwo days. componentsaredistributedinspace.When[3< 1,
Statistical analyses were the same as de- the distribution is regular; when [3 = 1, thebasic
scribed in the previous section, but the means componentsarerandomlydistributedandwhen[3
were comparedwith the Tukey’s test (P <0.05) >1, the basic components are distributed conta-
(SPSS 2006). giously(Iwao 1968).
The mean crowding M* was derived from
Lloyd’s formula(Lloyd 1967):
2.4.Analysis ofspatialdistribution
M* =m+SZ/m—l (4)
Analysis of the spatial distribution of over-
wintering adults was based on the means and where32 andmwere substitutedbythevariance
variances ofthenumberspertree, pertrunk, and and mean, respectively, of the insects in the
perbranch.Analysisofthespatialdistributionof samplingunit.
46 Weietal. ° ENTOMOL. FENNICAVol. 24
Table2.Taylor’spowerlawand lwao’spatchinessregression indicesforovenNinteringadultsofCorythucha
ciliataamongtrees,trunks, and branches.
Sampling unit Taylor’s powerlaw lwao’s patchiness regression
m S2 R2 a [3 R2
Among trees 1.13—87.25 2.98—7849.64 0.99” 1.75 2.00 1.00**
Among trunks O.38—47.88 0.55—3627.84 0.99” —O.78 2.55 1.00**
Among branches 075—3938 1.93—1978.84 0.99” —O.15 2.26 1.00**
**SignificancewithP<0.001 bylinearregression.
2.5. Selectingtheappropriate bindicesderivedfromTaylor’spowerlawtocal-
samplingunitand samplingstage culatethe optimalnumberofsamples (N)neces-
sarytoestimatethemeandensity(m)withagiven
For the overwintering stage, the appropriate levelofprecision(D). Theirequationis:
samplingunit, i.e.,eitherbranchesortrunks,was
determinedbasedontheadultnumberspertrunk N:(sz/D)2 x (S/m)2 (6)
orperbranch. Thepartofthetreewiththehigher
insectdensitywas selectedasthe samplingunit. whereZisthestandardnormaldeviate(TypeIer-
Fortheeggs,nymphs,andwanderingstageof rorrate(or)=0.1,thenZis 1.64intwotailswithdf
adults, thetwigs growing inaspecific layer(up- =00). Before samplinginthefield, precisionlev-
per or lower) and in a specific direction (east, els (D)were setas 0.25 and0.5 forbothofthese
south,west,ornorth)withthehighestinsectden- methods. Thenoptimalnumbers (N)werecalcu-
sity were regarded as the appropriate sampling lated. Forexample,whenN= 500 andD= 0.25,
unit. thentheactualnumbercannotbegreaterthan625
The “appropriate representative sampling (i.e. 500><0.25 + 500) orless than375 (i.e. 500—
stage”wasthendeterminedbycorrelationofeach 500><0.25).
developmentalstagetothewholepopulation(i.e.
thetotalofeggs, nymphs andadults). A specific
developmental stage, whose numbers were best 3. Results
correlatedwith the total numbers ofinsect indi-
vidualsoneachtwig,waschosenastheappropri- 3.1. Spatialdistribution
aterepresentative sampling stage.
As showninTable2 foroverwinteringadults, in
2.6. Samplesize Taylor’s law, all S2 were higher than m, and
Iwao’s indices of dispersion (B) were above 1
Afterthebestregressionmodelwas determined, amongtrees,trunksandbranches. Thesedatain-
twomethodswereusedtocalculatethenumberof dicated that overwintering adults were aggre-
samples required to estimate the mean with a gatedamongallthestudiedsamplinglevels.Both
givenlevelofprecision. Taylor’spowerlawregressionandIwao’spatchi-
(1) Iwao andKuno (1968) andKuno (1969) ness regression fitthe linear law (Taylor’s: R2 =
presented a sample size method that applied or 0.99; Iwao’s: R2= 1.00; forbothP<0.001).
and B indices from Iwao’s regression to deter- For the eggs, nymphs and wandering-adult
minetheoptimalnumberofsamples(N)foresti- stages of C. ciliata, both indices also indicated
matingthemeandensity(m)withagivenlevelof thatallthe three stages were aggregated(S2 > m
precision(D). Theequationforthismethodis: for Taylor’s, B > 1 for Iwao’s). In linearregres-
sions, Taylor’spowerlawfitthe datamore con-
N=[(or+1)/m+(B—1)]/D (5) sistentlythanIwao’spatchinessregression(Tay-
lor’s:R2=0.88—0.99;Iwao’s:R2=0.51—1.00;for
(2)WilsonandRoom(1982) incorporateda and bothP<0.001) (Table3).
ENTOMOL. FENNICAVol. 24 ° DistributionandsamplingofC. ciliata 47
Table3.Taylor’spowerlaw(A)and lwao’spatchinessregression (B)forCon/thuchaciliataeggs, nymphs,and
adults(wanderingstage)ontrees,twigs,andleaves.
A. Taylor’s powerlaw
Sampling unit Developmental m 82 R2
stage
Among trees Egg 420.10—928.00 72853.21—195773.33 0.99**
Nymph 123.60—192.50 5516.93—9733.79 O.88**
Adult 53.50—209.20 3332.50—12533.95 0.99**
Among twigs Egg 13.90—156.80 475.21—23078.18 0.97**
Nymph 6.80—27.40 66.18—1597.57 0.92**
Adult 2.70—37.20 5.56—751.96 0.96**
Among leaves Egg 0.10—25.79 0.22—1265.13 0.98**
Nymph 0.30—4.55 1.33—161.46 0.96**
Adult 0.11—4.85 018—5502 0.97**
**SignificancewithP<0.001 bylinearregression.
B. lwao’s patchiness regression
Sampling unit Developmental a ,8 R2
stage
Among trees Egg 171.31 1.04 1.00**
Nymph 52.37 1.02 0.97**
Adult 55.07 1.03 1.00**
Among twigs Egg —514.65 22.87 0.51
Nymph 8.59 1.77 0.86**
Adult 3.77 1.36 0.94**
Among leaves Egg 16.25 1.23 0.69**
Nymph 11.65 2.57 0.69**
Adult 3.83 2.77 0.85**
**SignificancewithP<0.001 bylinearregression.
Table4. NumbersofCon/thuchaciliataeggs, nymphs,andwanderingadultspertwig (meaniSE)in relationto
treelayerand branchdirection.
Layer Direction Eggs Nymphs Adults
Upper East 19.6 i 15.1 11.7 i 7.6 51.6 i 16.9
South 20.8 i 15.5 12.0 i 7.4 52.0 i 18.7
West 22.4 i 17.7 11.5 i 6.7 49.0 i 18.8
North 22.6 i 16.2 10.3 i 5.2 53.2 i 17.4
Lower East 21.5 $17.4 12.6 i 6.2 51.3 i 17.1
South 19.6 i 16.7 12.3 i 8.4 54.1 i 18.0
West 20.7 i 15.7 13.9 i 9.3 49.9 i 17.5
North 18.3 $17.7 12.2 i 9.1 50.2 i 16.8
Valueswithinacolumnarenotsignificantlydifferent(Tukey’stest: P<0.05).
48 Wei62‘ad. “ ENTOOL. FE
750
3.2. Selection of appropriatepfing
unitand nstage
600 ..
in the overwintering stage. 59% of the adults
wereontrunksand41%wereonbranches.Adult 450
densities were significantly higher on trunks
(45.76i9.56pertrunk)thanonbranches(34.12; 300
:1:9.78perbranch)(t39E 10.03;P<0.0001).Thus.
thetrunkwasusedas the samplingtargetforin—
vestigating the distribution of overwintering
adults.
For eggs. nymphs. and wanderng adult 30 60 00 1.20 150 1.80
stages ofC. cflz’am. densities on twigs were not Egg.
significantly affectedby the layer ofthe canopy 750
O
(F1 7m7"0.19m3.09.Pm 0.17—0.69) orbythe di-
239
rection(F2,239E0.31—3.76.P20.15—0.81)(Table 600
4-). Thus. twigswereusedas the samplingtarget numbers O
withoutregardto layerordirection. 453 a. 0 O
Todete inetherepresentativedevelopmenm
insect
talstageforthesamplingunitduringthewander-
ing period. the numbers ofeach developmental Total
stagewereregressedagainstthetotalnumbersof
all stages fromeachtwig. Theregressioncoeffiu
01thwasmuchhigherforadults(R220.92)than
for other stages (Fig. 1.). which indicated that
adult stage couldbe reco as the sampu
lingtargetforrepresentingC. cih'ampopulations
infieldinvestigationsduringthewanderingperim
0d.
For the overwintering adults. both Taylor’s
power law regression and lwao’s patchiness re“
gressionfitthedatawell. Here.weestimatedthe
optimal sample sizeaccordingtothe assumption
oflwao’s regression. The 01 and B indices ofthe
target sampling unit (trunks) were "—0.78 and. 6 100 zen 300 see 500 600
255.respectivelyBasedonEquation(5).the0p- Adult4:
timalnumberoftrunksthatshouldbesampledfor
Fig. 1. Linearregressionsofsamplemeandensitiesof
agivennumberofoverwinteringadultsper
differentstagesduringwandering periodagainsttotal
isindicatedmFig.2a. 0321etal. (2005)reported numbers(sumofallstages)ofCon/thuchaciiiaz‘aon
that 48 overwintering adults per trunk would London planetrees.
cause serious damage to the tree in late spring.
According to the Technical Regulation of the
ShanghaiGardeningPlantProtection(TRSGPP) reaches one—quarter ofthe damaging level. Le...
published by the Shanghai Administration De: whenthereare 12;overwinteringadultspertrunk
partment of Afforestation in 2007. controls in Shanghai. therefore. estimatingthenumberof
should be applied when the number of adults overwintering adults per with a precision
iCAVol. 24. . Distribution andsamplingofC. ciliaza 4-9
numberofwanderingadultspertru witha,pro-
fi
M0.) cision level of 0.25 or 0.5 would require the
W50 samplingof32or8trunks.respectively(Fig.2b).
05
fl
.9
(0
m
0)
h
w
w0 any researchers have used l‘wao’s or Taylor’s
equationstodeterminethedistributionpatternof
insect pests in crops (Taylor l96l. lwao 1968.
Peng&Brewer1994-.hangatal. l995.Xue62‘0d.
2000. Hsu etai. 200i. 'Wang 62‘of. 2006. Wang
0 510120253035404550 201i).hithisstudyofC. ciliam.bothlwao”sand
Taylor’sindicesofdispersionwere> l. suggest—
ing(seeSouthwood1978)thatthispesthasanag-
tree 90 .. gregated distribution among and Within P. X
per 80 "':12; acerifaliatrees. Clumpedoraggregateddistribu—
70 .. tion patterns were detected when the pest was
ken
so . highlyactiveinitswanderingstagebetweenJuly
btoe 50 . and August and. also when it was inactive in its
overwintering stage between February and
to 40 . Oszietai. (2005)reportedthatC. ciliam
age 30 . nymphs were spatially aggregated. while the
1 20 fl adultstendedtohavemoreuniformand.balanced
o m .. distributionpatterns.
According to Vasic 0.975) andBattisti etal.
0985).theoverwinteringadultspreferthelower
0 510
parts ofthetrunk(under4.8 m ofan ll to l6 m
Fig.2. Optimal numberoftrunkstobesampledfores— hightrunk).andmostoverwinteringadultsoccur
timating populationdensityofCon/thuchaCiliatawith under the bark on the northeast and northwest
reliabilitylevelsofD=0.25andD=0.50.--—a. Over- sideofthetru, Ourinvestigationdemonstrated
winteringadults.---b.Wanderingadults. that. in additionto the trunks. the branches near
the trunk were suitable overwintering sites for
adults.Apreviousstudydeterminedthatthewan—-
levelof0.25or0.5wouldrequirethesamplingof dering stage of C. whom mainly damages the
35 or7trunks.respectively(Fig. 2a). lower crown ofthe tree. andthe author inferred.
in the wandering stage. the Taylor’s power thatthewandering adults were therefore distrib-
law regression fit the data better than lwao’s uted.mainlyinthelowercrown(Zangheri 1984).
patchiness regression. and the optimal sample inthe current study. in contrast. the densities of
sizewasthereforedeterminedbyTaylor’spower thewanderingstagesofC. ciliamontwigsdidnot
law. The a and b indices ofthe sampling target differwithcrownlayer(uppervs.lower)ordirecm
twigswere l.82and. L60.respectively.Basedon tion. Thisdifferenceinresultsmaybeduetodifu
Equation (6). the optimal number oftrunks that forencesinenviro entalconditionsbetweenthe
shouldbesampledforagivennumberof‘wanderm tworegions.
mg adults is indicatedinFig. 2b. Accordingto a Coryz‘hucha Ciliam mainly infests Piatanus
recentstudy.38wanderingadultspertwigcaused occidentaiisL initsnative land.NorthAmerica
serious damage (Ju er a2. ZOlOb). Based on (Halbert&Meeker 1998). butprefersto feedon
TRSGPP in 2007. controls should be applied P. X acerzfolm in China. Because C. ciiim‘a has
when there are l0 wandering adults per seriously damaged P. X acerzfoha in Shanghai.
(38/4). in Shanghai. therefore. estimating the wearenowtryingtoreduceitsnumberandslow
50 Weietal. ° ENTOMOL. FENNICAVol. 24
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