Spatial Dimensions of Public Policy

285 Pages·1976·6.62 MB·English

by  J. T. Coppock and W. R. D. Sewell (Eds.)

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Spatial Dimensions of Public Policy
Edited by
J. T. COPPOCK
University of Edinburgh
and
W. R. D. SEWELL
University of Victoria, British Columbia
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Copyright © Pergamon Press 1976 J. T. Coppock and W. R. D. Sewell
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First edition 1976
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Spatial dimensions of public policy.
(Pergamon Oxford geographies) (Pergamon international library)
Based on papers presented at the annual meeting of the Institute of British Geographers, held at
the University of East Anglia, Jan. 1974.
1. Regional planning—Congresses. 2. Geography, Economic—Congresses. 3. Coppock,
John Terence. II. Sewell, W. R. Derrick. III. Institute of British Geographers.
HT391.S65 1976 309.2'5 76-10989
0-08 -020629-8
Printed in Great Britain by A. Wheaton & Co. Exeter
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The inspiration for this volume came from the annual meeting of the Institute
of British Geographers, held at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, in
January, 1974. Adopting as its theme "Geography and Public Policy", the
Conference featured several special sessions designed to stimulate discussion
of the past, present, and future role of geographers and geographical analysis
in the field of public policy. These discussions covered the broad relationships
of geographers to the policy area as well as inputs to specific topics, such as
resource management, urban development, regional development and the
alleviation of poverty.
Some of the chapters in this volume are based upon papers presented at the
I.B.G. meeting and a number of others were invited from geographers in the
United Kingdom and elsewhere who have been involved in research,
administration, or other activities relating to public policy. The main
emphasis is upon policy-making in the United Kingdom, but papers by
geographers from Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, and the
United States not only provide an assessment of the role of geographical
research in policy formulation in those countries, but also a perspective on
such research in the United Kingdom.
Several people made very useful contributions to preparation of the
volume for publication and the editors wish to acknowledge this assistance.
In particular, they wish to thank Mrs. J. T. Coppock who prepared the
Index; Mr. C. Clark, Mr. R. Harris and Mr. A. Bradley who drew the maps
and diagrams, and Mrs. C. Cumming and Miss S. Smith who typed various
drafts of the manuscript.
J.T. COPPOCK,
Department of Geography,
University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, Scotland.
W. R. DERRICK SEWELL,
Department of Geography,
University of Victoria,
Victoria, B.C., Canada.
vi
GEOGRAPHY AND PUBLIC POLICY
CONTRIBUTORS
J. T. COPPOCK is Ogilvie Professor of Geography in the University of
Edinburgh and Director of the Tourism and Recreation Research Unit. His
main fields of interest are in rural land use and in geographical information
systems, and his research has had an increasing public policy content over the
past 15 years. He has been a member of numerous government committees in
these fields, including the England Committee and Land Use Panel of the
Nature Conservancy, the Land Use Research Grants Committee of the
Natural Environment Research Council and the Departmental Committees
on Tourism in Scotland and on Information Systems for Planning, and in
1971-2 he acted as Specialist Adviser to the Select Committee on Scottish
Affairs in their investigations into Land Resource Use in Scotland.
W. R. DERRICK SEWELL is Professor of Geography at the University of
Victoria, Victoria, B.C., Canada. His main fields of interest are in decision-
making in resources management, particularly with respect to the role of
professionals and of the public, and the impact of natural hazards. Prior to
his present appointment he was on the faculty of the University of Chicago,
and previously was an economic advisor to the Canadian Government on the
negotiation of the Columbia River Treaty. He has written widely on
resources management issues, particularly on techniques of evaluation, the
role of perceptions and attitudes, and the development of policies and
institutions. He has been a consultant to various bodies, including the United
Nations, the federal governments of Canada and the United States, and
various provincial and State governments in those countries. Currently he is
also a member of the International Council of the Man and the Biosphere
Programme.
C. I. JACKSON is Executive Director of the Canadian Participation
Secretariat in the Ministry of State for Urban Affairs, Ottawa. This
Secretariat is responsible for Canadian participation in Habitat: the United
Nations Conference on Human Settlements, Vancouver 1976. Prior to this
he was Director of Priorities and Planning in the Ministry. After graduate
studies in climatology at McGill University, Montreal, (which included 12
months as a member of the Canadian International Geophysical Year
vii
Contributors
Vlll
Expedition to northern Ellesmere Island), he was a Lecturer in Geography at
the London School of Economics from 1959 to 1969. His research during
that period included a critical assessment of British water supply policy and
pricing. After joining the Canadian public service in 1969, Dr. Jackson
worked on geographical and resource management problems in the
Department of Energy, Mines and Resources and the Department of the
Environment before moving to Urban Affairs in 1971.
F.. KENNETH HARE is Professor of Geography and Physics at the
University of Toronto, and is Director of the Institute for Environmental
Studies there. He has been involved in public resource and environment
policy issues in three countries. In Canada he was a member of the National
Research Council, and later served as Science Advisor to the Federal
Department of the Environment. He is a present member of the Canadian
Environmental Advisory Council. In the United Kingdom (where he was
formerly Master of Birbeck College) he served on Sir Dudley Stamp's
Advisory Committee on Natural Resources, and was a founding member of
the Natural Environmental Research Council. In the United States he is a
Director of Resources for the Future. He is currently Chairman of the
Ecosciences Panel of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. When asked
how he does all these things he answers "the trick is superficiality; never do
anything really well.''
EDWIN BROOKS is senior lecturer in Geography at Liverpool University
and Dean of College Studies. His main fields of interest lie in social and
political planning in Great Britain, East-Central Europe and Brazil. In 1972
he led an enquiry into the conditions of tribal Indians in the Amazon. From
1958 to 1967 he was a councillor in Birkenhead, chairing the Works and
Building Committee and the Youth Employment Committee. From 1966 to
1970 he was a Labour Member of Parliament for Bebington and a member of
the Committee of Public Accounts. As a private Member he promoted the
National Health Service (Family Planning) Act of 1967. He was the first
President of the Conservation Society from 1966 to 1967.
MICHAEL CHISHOLM is Professor of Economic and Social Geography at
the University of Bristol; in October 1976 he becomes Professor of
Geography at the University of Cambridge. His main research work has been
in the field of locational economics and regional development, with special
reference to the United Kingdom. He was a member of the South West
Advisory Committee to the Land Commission, and for 5 years served on the
Social Science Research Council. He is currently a member of the Local
Government Boundary Commission for England. In addition, he had acted
as consultant, mainly with Economic Associates Ltd., on a number of
Contributors ix
problems concerned with development, both in the United Kingdom and
abroad.
J. W. HOUSE is Halford Mackinder Professor of Geography in the
University of Oxford and a member of the Northern Economic Planning
Council. His research in applied geography has had a particular emphasis on
social and economic problems in both urban and rural North-East England.
From 1969 to 1971 he was a member of the Northern Pennines Rural
Development Board, and for some years served on the Northumberland
Rural Community Council. Between 1964 and 1968 he was Director of the
then Ministry of Labour sponsored research programme into "Migration
and Mobility in Northern England".
J. B. GODDARD is Henry Daysh Professor of Regional Development
Studies in the Department of Geography of the University of
Newcastle-upon-Tyne and was formerly a lecturer in Geography at the
London School of Economics and Political Science. His main field of
research is on office communications and office location. He has participated
in research on this topic for the South-East Economic Planning Council, the
Location of Offices Bureau, the Department of the Environment, the City of
London Corporation and the Swedish Government. He has developed close
links with Swedish researchers in this field, most recently as a Leverhulme
Fellow at the University of Lund. His international work has also included a
study for the Economic Development Committee of the European Free
Trade Association on National Settlement Strategies. This work has been
associated with a widening interest in the role of information flows in
organisational and urban systems development.
DAVID STARKIE is lecturer in the Department of Geography, University
of Reading, and is currently on leave as Director of Transport Planning and
Research and Acting Deputy Director General of Transport, Government of
Western Australia. He served as the Specialist Adviser to the Environment
Sub-Committee of the House of Commons Expenditure Committee for a
number of investigations between 1971 and 1975, and has acted as Transport
Adviser to the Government of Argentina. His main fields of interest are
transport and environmental appraisal. He has published widely in both
aspects and has conducted research for the Department of the Environment
into the environmental effects of transport.
PETER R. ODELL has been Professor of Economic Geography and
Director of the Economic Geography Institute in the Netherlands School of
Economics—now a part of the Erasmus University, Rotterdam—since 1968.
Prior to that he was on the staff of the London School of Economics where
X Contributors
he commenced his research interests in the field of energy problems, on
which he has published extensively. Most recently he has been much involved
jn public policy debates—both at national and the European level—on the
reshaping of energy policies following the post-1971 changes in the
international oil industry and has been a firm proponent of the idea of
European self-sufficiency in energy based essentially on the full and rapid
exploitation of the off-shore oil and gas reserves of the continent.
R: G. LISTER is Professor of Geography in the University of Otago, New
Zealand. He has been closely concerned with regional planning and
environmental policy during the past decade, serving on many regional and
national bodies that have been developing public involvement in these fields
in New Zealand. He has been a member of the New Zealand Environmental
Council since its inception in 1970 and attended the Stockholm Conference
on the Human Environment as a government representative in 1972. He is a
member of the Clutha Valley Development Commission, serves as chairman
of the Technical Advisory Committee of the Dunedin Metropolitan Regional
Planning Authority and is a frequent radio commentator on local and
national affairs in New Zealand.
AKIN L. MABOGUNJE is Professor of Geography at the University of
Ibadan and Co-Director of the Planning Studies Programme of the Faculty
of Social Sciences of that University. His main interest is in information
systems and quantitative techniques as they relate to the field of urbanisation
and regional planning. He was Census Adviser to the Western Nigerian
government for the 1962 Census and to the Federal Government for the 1973
Census. He has served on a number of Government Commissions and
Committees. He was a member of the Western Nigerian Land Utilisation
Committee (1960-2), member of the Western State Economic Advisory
Council (1968-72), Chairman of the Committee investigating into Forest
Policy and Management in Western Nigeria (1966-8) and Chairman of the
Western State Forestry Advisory Commission (1968-74). More recently, he
has served as a member of the Public Service Review Commission (1972-4)
that was set up by the Federal Nigerian Government to advise on the reform
of its public services.
RICHARD MORRILL is Professor and Chairman of Geography, and
Associate Director of the Institute for Environmental Studies at the
University of Washington. His main fields of interest include regional
planning and development, and theory and models of spatial organisation
and interaction. In addition to involvement in political and school
redistricting, he is enmeshed in local and regional issues of growth,
Contributors XI
metropolitan transportation and administrative organization. In 1970 he
visited the University of Glasgow as a Sir John McTaggart Fellow.
T. HAGERSTRAND holds a research chair in the University of Lund in
Social and Economic Geography under the Swedish Council for Social
Science Research. He has been working on population geography (migration
in particular), spatial diffusion, geo-coding and space-time budgeting. The
nature of his studies has brought him into close contact with the planning
policy as well as with future-oriented research. He served on the Commission
for Local Government Reform, the Commission for Regional Administration
Reform and the Advisory Group for National Physical Planning, and is a
member of the Expert Group for Regional Research. He has also contributed
to regional policy studies in the European Free Trade Association. He took
part in the formation of the Swedish Cabinet's Secretariat for Future Studies
and holds the position as chairman of the Joint Committee for long-term
interdisciplinary research of the nine major national research councils.