Spain’s First Carlist War, 1833–40 PDF
Preview Spain’s First Carlist War, 1833–40
War,CultureandSociety,1750–1850 SeriesEditors:RafeBlaufarb(Tallahassee,USA),AlanForrest(York,UK),andKaren Hagemann(ChapelHill,USA) Editorial Board: Michael Broers (Oxford, UK), Christopher Bayly (Cambridge, UK), Richard Bessel (York, UK), Sarah Chambers (Minneapolis, USA), Lau- rent Dubois (Durham, USA), Etienne François (Berlin, Germany), Janet Hartley (London,UK),WayneLee(ChapelHill,USA),JaneRendall(York,UK),Reinhard Stauber(Klagenfurt,Austria) Titlesinclude: RichardBessel,NicholasGuyattandJaneRendall(editors) WAR,EMPIREANDSLAVERY,1770–1830 EvelineG.Bouwers PUBLICPANTHEONSINREVOLUTIONARYEUROPE ComparingCulturesofRemembrance,c.1790–1840 MichaelBroers,AgustinGuimeraandPeterHick(editors) THENAPOLEONICEMPIREANDTHENEWEUROPEANPOLITICALCULTURE GavinDaly THEBRITISHSOLDIERINTHEPENINSULARWAR EncounterswithSpainandPortugal,1808–1814 AlanForrest,EtienneFrançoisandKarenHagemann(editors) WARMEMORIES TheRevolutionaryandNapoleonicWarsinModernEuropeanCulture AlanForrest,KarenHagemannandJaneRendall(editors) SOLDIERS,CITIZENSANDCIVILIANS ExperiencesandPerceptionsoftheRevolutionaryandNapoleonicWars, 1790–1820 AlanForrestandPeterH.Wilson(editors) THEBEEANDTHEEAGLE NapoleonicFranceandtheEndoftheHolyRomanEmpire,1806 RasmusGlenthøjandMortenNordhagenOttosen EXPERIENCESOFWARANDNATIONALITYINDENMARKANDNORWAY, 1807–1815 KarenHagemann,GiselaMetteleandJaneRendall(editors) GENDER,WARANDPOLITICS TransatlanticPerspectives,1755–1830 LeightonJames WITNESSING THE REVOLUTIONARY AND NAPOLEONIC WARS IN GERMAN CENTRALEUROPE CatrionaKennedy NARRATIVESOFTHEREVOLUTIONARYANDNAPOLEONICWARS MilitaryandCivilianExperienceinBritainandIreland CatrionaKennedy,andMatthewMcCormack(editors) SOLDIERINGINBRITAINANDIRELAND,1750–1850 MenofArms RalphKingston BUREAUCRATSANDBOURGEOISSOCIETY OfficePoliticsandIndividualCredit,France1789–1848 MarkLawrence SPAIN’SFIRSTCARLISTWAR,1833–40 KevinLinch BRITAINANDWELLINGTON’SSARMY Recruitment,SocietyandTradition,1807–1815 PierreSerna,AntoninoDeFrancescoandJudithMiller REPUBLICSATWAR,1776–1840 Revolutions,ConflictsandGeopoliticsinEuropeandtheAtlanticWorld Marie-CécileThoral FROMVALMYTOWATERLOO FranceatWar,1792–1815 MarkWishon GERMANFORCESANDTHEBRITISHARMY InteractionsandPerceptions,1742–1815 ChristineWright WELLINGTON’SMENINAUSTRALIA PeninsularWarVeteransandtheMakingofEmpirec.1820–40 War,CultureandSociety,1750–1850 SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–54532–8hardback 978–0–230–54533–5paperback (outsideNorthAmericaonly) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to usattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesand oneoftheISBNsquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS,England Spain’s First Carlist War, 1833–40 Mark Lawrence TeachingFellow,NewcastleUniversity,UK ©MarkLawrence2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-40174-8 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2014by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-48652-6 ISBN 978-1-137-40175-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137401755 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Lawrence,Mark,1978– Spain’sFirstCarlistWar,1833–40/MarkLawrence, teachingfellow,NewcastleUniversity. pagescm.—(War,cultureandsociety,1750–1850) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN 978-1-349-48652-6 1. Spain—History—CarlistWar,1833–1840. I. Title. DP219.L392014 946(cid:2).072—dc23 2014022913 Contents ListofTables vi Preface vii Acknowledgements viii 1 Introduction,HistoryandSources 1 2 TheFirstCarlistWar:Origins 21 3 TheFirstCarlistWar:Context 36 4 TheBasquePhase,1833–35 48 5 TheWarRadicalisesCristinoSpain,1835–36 81 6 DeepWarFeedsRevolution,1836–37 124 7 CarlistFailure,1837–39 157 8 StalemateandCristinoVictory,1838–40 190 Conclusions 221 Notes 225 SourcesandBibliography 263 Index 274 v Tables 5.1 EcodelComercio,7March1836:StrengthofCristino NationalGuardatendof1835 96 7.1 EcodelComercio,18January1839:StateofregularCristino andCarlistarmiesthroughoutSpainatendof1838 165 8.1 EcodelComercio,11December1839:Strength, preparednessanddistributionofCristinoNationalMilitia late1839 193 vi Preface This book originated in my studies of German intellectual history, in particular of the ‘panentheist’ philosopher, Karl Christian Friedrich Krause, and the ways he shaped radical free-thinking in nineteenth- century Spain. Yet the more I began empirical research into Spanish radicalism, the more I recognised the need for a ‘bottom-up’ study of themassesandtheirrelationshiptoradicalismratherthanatop-down study of the elites. Very quickly I realised that ideas exist only in the ‘contextoftheircontext’,andthatnosatisfactorystudyofideascould besensiblysustainedwithoutanyempiricalstudyoftheirreceptionand impact. I also discovered that my early interest in Spain’s 1850s and 1860s was being pulled back to the events of Spain’s early nineteenth century. Time and again I had to explain such events as the failure of therevolutionin1848anditssuccessin1854,theLojarising,andthe evolution of the Spanish Democrat Party with reference to the chaos and revolution wrought by the Peninsular War of 1808–14 and hard- ened by the bloody struggles between Left and Right during 1820–23 and,especially,theFirstCarlistWarof1833–40. I noticed that the First Carlist War was a comparative blind-spot in the English-language scholarship. Thanks to the feedback I received at variousinternationalconferences,theuntiringinspirationandencour- agement from Professor Charles Esdaile, and the particular interest of the ‘War, Culture and Society’ editorial board at Palgrave Macmillan, Iwasabletoproducethismonograph. I should offer a note of explanation with regard to my use of lan- guages. A glance at twenty-first-century maps of the Basque country, Catalonia and Galicia will reveal the respective use of Basque, Catalan and Gallego names for places which, in the nineteenth century, were generallywritteninCastilian.LargelyforthebenefitofmyAnglophone audience, I have used Castilian place names instead of their regional equivalents (which I use more sparingly). Hence my readers will not be arrested by the sight of ‘Bilbo’ instead of ‘Bilbao’. Equally, I have privileged the use of Castilian over Anglicised Spanish place names. ‘Corunna’and‘Saragossa’,forexample,mustlookquainttotwenty-first readerswhowillhaveatleastsomefamiliaritywithSpanishgeography, and I think I am not making too many cognitive demands by using LaCoruñaandZaragoza,respectively. vii Acknowledgements TherearedozensofpeoplewhomIthankfortheirguidanceandsupport with this project. Many a chance conversation with a colleague in the Biblioteca Nacional, with Spanish archivists, even chats with members of the public have all contributed in their own way. My particular thanksgotosuchacademicsasRogerHausheer,JorgeLuengoSánchez, RosaMaríaNavarrete,JordiRocaVernet,AdrianShubert,GuyThomson, Isabel Burdiel and, especially, Charles Esdaile. I have been fortunate to have been surrounded by great friends and historians whose research interests lay outside Spain. They have provided great company and support, and have shared with me the ups and downs of twenty-first centuryacademia. My particularthanksgo to Jon Hogg, BrianMarren, RhianWyn-WilliamsandChristophLaucht.Iamindebtedfortheintel- lectual and moral support of friends and colleagues alike, and of my Newcastle University students. Needless to say, their support was of a positive nature and any errors or weaknesses in my script are entirely myown. Above all I thank my wife, Susana, for her unflinching love, support and patience. Life as an academic presents immense challenges as well as rewards but our team efforts have paid off. Este libro está dedicado a nuestrahija,Nicole. viii 1 Introduction, History and Sources Tragedyinvitesstudy,andwars,especiallycivilwars,aretragicbytheir very nature. National, imperial and civil wars dominated Spain dur- ingtherevolutionaryandcounter-revolutionaryturbulenceof1808–48, pittingPatriotsagainstFrenchmen,americanosagainstpeninsulares,and LiberalsagainstCarlists.Theseinterminableconflictshaveshapedworks offiction.BenitoPérezGaldós’sEpisodiosNacionalesserialisedcalamities fromtheBattleofTrafalgartotheCarlistWarandbeyond,weavingfic- tional characters into real historical events in a didactic construction of national truth. Political elites contested the legitimate nature of the statebutgenerallyhadnointerestinsocialchange.Instead,theyrelied uponasurfeitofarmyveteranswho‘pronounced’againstgovernments in return for pay and promotion, precious commodities in a bankrupt economy.Thepredominantlyruralmasseswereintegratedintopolitical programmes as a last resort. Yet the inability of elites to rescue Spain fromitspost-imperialcrisiscondemnedtheirpeopletotwogenerations of upheaval and war, to the extent that upheaval has been seen as the normal,ifproblematic,functioningofpolitics.Thelongestnineteenth- century Spanish conflict, the First Carlist War (1833–40), began with a dynastic dispute. But it developed into an unlikely agent of modernity on account of the unequal demands it imposed on the people who, in response,andforthefirsttimeinmodernSpanishhistory,foundtheir ownvoice,agendasandsolutions. It is surprising that Spain’s First Carlist War remains Europe’s most neglectednineteenth-centurycivilwarintheEnglishscholarship.This lacuna is unworthy of the conflict’s importance. It was both the last great European conflict of the pre-industrial age and, before the nineteenth-century military revolution, an iconic moment in the pan- Europeanstrugglebetweenliberalismandabsolutism,andakeystagein 1
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