Spaces for change? The politicis of citizen participation in new democratic arenas

271 Pages·2007·11.29 MB·English

by  Andrea Cornwall Vera Schattan Coelho

C L A I M I N G C I T I Z E N S H I P
RIGHTS • PARTICIPATION • ACCOUNTABILITY
SpSLCCS fo r
Change?
THE POLITICS OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN NEW DEMOCRATIC ARENAS
d i t e d b y A n d re a C o r n w a ll
ex.2
é) Vera Schattan Coelho
Claiming Citizenship:
Rights, Participation and Accountability
Series Editor: John Gauenta
Around the world, a growing crisis of legitimacy characterizes the
relationship between citizens and the institutions that affect their lives.
In both North and South, citizens speak of mounting disillusionment
with government, based on concerns about corruption, lack of
responsiveness to the needs of the poor and the absence of a sense of
connection with elected representatives and bureaucrats. Conventional
forms of expertise and representation are being questioned. The rights
and responsibilities of corporations and other global actors are being
challenged, as global inequalities persist and deepen.
In response, this series argues, increased attention must be paid to
re-examining contemporary understandings of rights and citizenship in
different contexts, and their implications for related issues of participa­
tion and accountability. Challenging liberal understandings in which
citizenship is understood as a set of rights and responsibilities bestowed
by the state, the series looks at how citizenship is claimed and rights
are realized through the agency and actions of people themselves.
Growing out of the work of an international network of researchers
and practitioners from both South and North, the volumes in this
series explore a variety of themes, including locally rooted struggles
for more inclusive forms of citizenship, the links between citizenship,
science and globalization, the politics and dynamics of participation
in new democratic arenas, and the relationships between claiming
rights and ensuring accountability. Drawing from concrete case
studies which focus on how people understand their citizenship and
claim their rights, the volumes contribute new, empirically grounded
perspectives to current debates related to deepening democracy,
realizing rights-based development, and making institutions more
responsive to the needs and voices of poor people.
1 Inclusive Citizenship: Meanings and Expressions, ed. Naila Kabeer
2 Science and Citizens: Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement, ed.
Melissa Leach, Ian Scoones and Brian Wynne
3 Rights, Resources and the Politics of Accountability, ed. Peter Newell and
Joanna Wheeler
4 Spaces for Change? The Politics of Citizen Participation in New Democratic
Arenas, ed. Andrea Cornwall and Vera Schattan P. Coelho
5 Claiming Citizenship: Rethinking Democratic Participation, by John Gaventa
(forthcoming 2007)
About the Editors
Andrea Cornwall is a fellow of the Institute of Development
Studies at the University of Sussex. Her research interests include the
ethnography of democracy and the politics of citizen engagement in
governance. She is author of Beneficiary, Consumer, Citizen: Perspectives
on Participation for Poverty Réduction (Sida Studies, 2000), co-editor
of Realizing Rights: Transforming Approaches to Sexual and Reproductive
Wellbeing (with Alice Welbourn, Zed Books, 2002) and Pathways to
Participation (with Garett Pratt, IT Publications, 2003).
Vera Schattan P. Coelho is a political scientist. She is a researcher
and project coordinator at the Brazilian Center of Analysis and
Planning (CEBRAP) in São Paulo, Brazil. Her interests centre on
new forms of citizen participation, deliberation, and consultation
to improve social policies and democracy. She is the author of
numerous articles on health policy, pension reform and participatory
governance and is editor of Pension Reform in Latin America (FGV,
2003) and Participation and Deliberation in Contemporary Brazil (with
Marcos Nobre, 34 Letras, 2004).
Spaces for Change?
The Politics of Citizen Participation
in New Democratic Arenas
Edited by Andrea Cornwall
& Vera Schattan P. Coelho
VOLUME 4 OF CLAIMING CITIZENSHIP
SERIES EDITOR JOHN GAVENTA
IESP/UERJ BIBLIOTECA
©
ZED BOOKS
London <& New York
Spaces for change? : the politics of citizen
participation in new democratic arenas /
321.7 S732c ex.2
vtlsOOO! 53802 - IU000106330
Biblioteca do I ESP
Spaces for Change was published in 2007 by Zed Books Ltd, 7 Cynthia Street,
London ni yjr, uk, and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, ny 10010,
USA
www.zedbooks.co.uk
Editorial copyright © Andrea Cornwall and Vera Schattan P. Coelho 2007
Individual chapters © individual contributors 2007
The right of the contributors to be identified as the authors of this work
has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act, 1988
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Cover designed by Andrew Corbett
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All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data available
isbn 1 84277 552 9 Hb
ISBN t 84277 553 7 Pb
ISBN 978 I 84277 552 3 Hb
ISBN 978 I 84277 5S3 0 Pb
Contents
Acknowledgements vii
List of Acronyms viii
Foreword
John Gaventa x
1 Spaces for Change? The Politics of Participation in
New Democratic Arenas
Andrea Cornwall and Vera Schattan P. Coelho I
PART l Inclusion and Representation
in the Participatory Sphere
2 Brazilian Health Councils: Including the Excluded?
Vera Schattan P. Coelho 33
3 Spaces for Participation in Health Systems in Rural
Bangladesh: The Experience of Stakeholder Community
Groups
Simeen Mahmud 55
4 Gendered Subjects, the State and Participatory Spaces:
The Politics of Domesticating Participation in Rural India
Ranjita Mohanty 76
5 Social Change and Community Participation: The Case
of Health Facilities Boards in the Western Cape of South
Africa
John J. Williams 95
6 Civil Organizations and Political Representation in
Brazil’s Participatory Institutions
Graziela Castello, Adrian Gurza Lavalle
and Peter P. Houtzager H4
7 Inclusion and Representation in Democratic Deliberations:
Lessons from Canada’s Romanow Commission
Bettina von Lieres and David Kahane 131
part 11 The Politics of Institutionalized Participation
8 Democratizing the Governance of Health Services:
The Case of Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Brazil
Andrea Cornwall iss
9 Subverting the Spaces of Invitation? Local Politics and
Participatory Budgeting in Post-crisis Buenos Aires
Dennis Rodgers I So
10 Participation, Mutation and Political Transition: New
Democratic Spaces in Peri-urban Angola
Sandra Roque and Alex Shankland 202
11 Citizen Participation in South Africa: Land Struggles
and HIV/AIDS Activism
Bettina von Lieres
12 Whose Spaces? Contestations and Negotiations in Health
and Community Regeneration Fora in the UK
Marian Barnes 24°
About the Contributors 260
Index
Acknowledgements
This book represents the outcome of a process of collaboration
developed over the course of the last five years, under the auspices
of the DFID-funded Development Research Centre on Citizenship,
Participation and Accountability. We owe a huge debt to John Gaventa,
DRC Director, for being such a source of inspiration and moral and
intellectual support. We’re grateful to fellow members of the DRC
‘Spaces for Change’ working group, Carlos Cortez, Peter Houtzager,
Adrian Lavalle, Bettina von Lieres, Simeen Mahmud, Ranjita Mohanty,
Alex Shankland and John Williams, for all the stimulating discussions
and exchanges that shaped our collective thinking, and to Marian
Barnes and David Kahane, who joined the group as discussants and
remained with us as contributors to this volume. We owe special
thanks to David Kahane, who reviewed the entire book and made
major editorial contributions to a number of papers in it. Kirsty
Milward not only lent us her expertise as a copy-editor, but also
managed the process of getting the manuscript together from India.
Joanna Wheeler and the DRC Coordination Team played a vital
behind-the-scenes role in providing support tor the group. Lastly,
we’d like to thank our funders, the British government’s Department
of International Development (DFID), for making the research on
which this book is based and its publication possible.
Andrea Cornwall
Vera Schattan P. Coelho
List of Acronyms
ACA Association of Water Committees (Angola)
ARV Anti-Retroviral
CBO Community Based Organization
CG Community Group
CM Comissões de Moradores (residents’ committees,
Angola)
COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions
CPA Communal Property Association (South Africa)
CPRN Canadian Policy Research Network
CSO Civil Society Organization
CTA Central de Trabajadores Argentinos (Argentinean Workers
Central)
DFID Department for International Development (UK)
EPAL Provincial Water Company (Angola)
FAS Fundo de Apoio Social (social fund, Angola)
FNLA Frente Nacional para a Libertação de Angola (Liberation
movement, Angola)
HC Health Committee
HFB Health Facilities Board (South Africa)
HLC Healthy Living Centre (UK)
HPSP Health and Population Sector Programme (Bangladesh)
HS Health Secretariat
HWC Health Watch Committee (Bangladesh)
IBGE Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
I CDS Integrated Child Development Scheme (India)
KKDF Kilamba Kiaxi Development Forum (Angola)
LHC Local Health Council
LPM Landless People’s Movement (South Africa)
LUPP Luanda Urban Poverty Programme
MHC Municipal Health Council
MoHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)
MPLA Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (ruling
party in Angola, former liberation movement)
MSF Médecins Sans Frontières
NAHO National Aboriginal Health Organization (Canada)
NHS National Health Service (UK)
NK Nijera Kori (Bangladesh)
NLC National Land Committee (South Africa)
ODA Organizações para o Desenvolvimento das Areas (Area-
Based Development Organizations, Angola)
PB Participatory Budgeting
PCG Primary Care Group
PHM Popular Health Movement (Brazil)
PMTCT Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission
PT Workers’ Party (Brazil)
RDI Rural Development Initiative (South Africa)
RDSN Rural Development Services Network (South Africa)
SACP South African Communist Party
SAMWU South African Municipal Services Workers’ Union
SC Scheduled Caste (India)
SCUK Save the Children UK
SRB Single Regeneration Budget (UK)
ST Scheduled Tribe (India)
SUS Unified Health System (Brazil)
TAC Treatment Action Campaign (South Africa)
TLP Treatment Literacy Practitioners
TU Transformation Unit (South Africa)
UDF United Democratic Front (South Africa)
UNITA Uniào Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola
(opposition party in Angola, former guerrilla movement)
UP Union Parishad (Bangladesh)