Spaceflight: A Concise History

249 Pages·2018·3.29 MB·English

by  Michael J. Neufeld

SPACEFLIGHT
i
The MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series
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SPACEFLIGHT
A CONCISE HISTORY
MICHAEL J. NEUFELD
The MIT Press | Cambridge, Massachusetts | London, England
© 2018 Smithsonian Institution
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form
by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording,
or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from
the publisher.
This book was set in Chaparral Pro by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited.
Printed and bound in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Neufeld, Michael J., 1951- author.
Title: Spaceflight : a concise history / Michael J. Neufeld.
Other titles: Space flight
Description: Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press, [2018] | Series: The MIT Press
essential knowledge series | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018013488 | ISBN 9780262536332 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Space flight--History. | Astronautics--United
States--History. | Astronautics--Soviet Union--History. |
Astronautics--Russia (Federation) | Space race--United States--History. |
Space race--Soviet Union--History. | Manned space flight--History.
Classification: LCC TL788.5 .N48 2018 | DDC 629.4/109--dc23 LC record
available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018013488
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Series Foreword vii
Introduction ix
1 Spaceflight Dreams and Military Imperatives 1
2 The Cold War Space Race 35
3 Space Science and Exploration 71
4 A Global Space Infrastructure 109
5 Astroculture: Spaceflight and the Imagination 137
6 Human Spaceflight after the Cold War 169
Epilogue: The Past and Future of Spaceflight 195
Glossary 201
Notes 205
Further Readings 217
Index 219

SERIES FOREWORD
©Th eM MaIsTsa cPhreussse tEtss seInntsitailt uKtneo wolfe dTgeec shenroielos goyfAfellr s Raicgchetss-
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tional knowledge that informs a principled understanding
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Synthesizing specialized subject matter for nonspecialists
and engaging critical topics through fundamentals, each
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology

INTRODUCTION
Spaceflight is one of the greatest human achievements of
INTRODUCTION
the twentieth century. In 1900, only one or two persons
INTRODUCTION
in the world understood that the rocket could make space
© Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyAll Rights
travel possible. Scarcely four decades later, German V-2 mis-
Reserved
siles began flying beyond the atmosphere. By 1963, the So-
viet Union had launched the first satellites, hit the Moon,
and put the first man and the first woman into Earth orbit.
At the end of that decade, American astronauts orbited and
then landed on the Moon. U.S. and Soviet robots reached
the surface of Venus and Mars by the 1970s, and by 1989,
American spacecraft had flown by all eight major planets.
Four of those travelers were flung on one-way trips into in-
terstellar space, the first human-made objects to leave not
just Earth’s gravitational influence, but even that of the Sun.
That direct exploration of the cosmos, in tandem
with space-based and Earth-bound telescopes, has trans-
formed human understanding of our planet, solar system,
and universe. And yet exploration has been far from the
only, or even dominant, reason we have gone into space.
The great majority of spacecraft orbit Earth to provide
services to, or gather information about, the planet. Since
the 1960s, we have effectively annexed near-Earth space,
from the twenty-four orbit at 22,200 miles (35,800 km)
on down, and created a new zone of government and