Space Technologies, Materials and Structures

571 Pages·2003·40.381 MB·English

by  B. Paton

Space: Technologies, Materials,
Structures
© 2003 Taylor & Francis
Welding and Allied Processes
A series of books and monographs on welding and other processes of metal treatment
Edited by B.E.Paton, E.O.Paton Electric Welding Institute, Kiev, Ukraine
and P.Seyffarth, Welding Training and Research Institute, Rostock, Germany
Volume 1
Laser-Arc Processes and their Applications in Welding and Material Treatment
P.Seyffarth and I.V.Krivtsun
Volume 2
Space: Technologies, Materials, Structures
Edited by B.E.Paton
This book is part of a series. The publisher will accept continuation orders which may be
cancelled at any time and which provide for automatic billing and shipping of each title in the
series upon publication. Please write for details.
© 2003 Taylor & Francis
Space: Technologies,
Materials, Structures
Edited by B.E.Paton
E.O.Paton Electric Welding Institute,
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
Kiev, Ukraine
Taylor & Francis
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LONDON AND NEW YORK
© 2003 Taylor & Francis
First published in 2003
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© 2003 Taylor & Francis
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ISBN 0-415-29985-3
First published as:
Space: Technologies, Materials Science, Structures. Collection of
scientific papers. Edited by B.E.Paton. Kiev: E.O.Paton Electric
Welding Institute, NAS of Ukraine, 2000. (In Russian)
© 2000 E.O.Paton Electric Welding Institute of the NAS of Ukraine
Compiled by E.S.Mikhajlovskaya, S.V.Pavlova, V.F.Shulym
and A.A.Zagrebelny
Publishing Project A.T.Zelnichenko
Editor N.A.Dmitrieva
Design I.V.Petushkov
CRC preparation T.Yu. Snegiryova
Translated by S.A.Fomina, I.N.Kutianova, T.K.Vasilenko (English)
and M.I.Zykova (German)
© 2003 Taylor & Francis
Contents
Foreword to the English Edition of Book xi
Editorial xiii
Authors’ Affiliations xvii
List of Abbreviations xix
CHAPTER 1. SPACE TECHNOLOGIES ARE A REALITY 1
Welding in Space. Paton B.E 3
Space Technology Issues. Paton B.E 4
Ten Years of Space TechnologyP. aton B.E. and Kubasov V.N. 8
Tested in Orbit. Paton B.E., Dzhanibekov V.A .and Savitskaya S.E. 11
Milestones in Space Exploration (1969–2000) 19
State-of-the-Art and Prospects for Development of Aerospace Engineering
in the USSR. Paton B.E 28
CHAPTER 2. SPACE AS A PROCESSING ENVIRONMENT 33
Technological Aspects of Space Welding.P aton B.E 35
Special Factors and Future Development of Space Welding.S hulym V.F.,
Lapchinsky V.F., Demidov D.L., Nikitsky V.P. and Neznamova L.O. 41
Formation of Electron Beams for Process and Research Work in Space.
Paton B.E., Nazarenko O.K., Patsiora S.K., Neporozhny Yu. V.,
Bernadsky V.N., Chalov V.I., Shelyagin V.D., Mokhnach V.K.,
Metallov O.A., Bliokh P.V. and Puzenko A.A. 47
Some Results of Works Made by the Soviet Scientists in the Field
of a Space Technology.O khotin A.S., Lapchinsky V.F .and Shonin G.S. 52
Mathematical Modelling and Experimental Study of Processes of Evaporation
of Alloys in Microgravity Conditions. Toptygin A.L., Neznamova L.O.
and Malashenko I.S. 56
On New Problems of Technological Processes Control in Space.
Ganiev R.F., Dudko D.A., Zagrebelny A.A., Lakiza V.D., Lapchinsky V.F.
and Tsapenko A.S. 64
Prediction of Life of Structural Materials and Their Joints Exposed to
Long-Term Service in Space. Bakushin S.V., Demidov D.L.,
Morozov Yu.D., Nikitsky V.P. and Churilo I.V. 71
Application of Welding for Repair of Space Objects. Paton B.E.,
Dudko D.A., Bernadsky V.N., Paton V.E., Stesin V.V., Lapchinsky V.F.
and Zagrebelny A.A 75
Scientific-Technical Substantiation of «Tyulpan» Space Experiment.
Berzhaty V.I., Zvorykin L.L., Markov A.V., Churilo I.V., Zagrebelny A.A.,
Pchelyakov A.O. and Sokolov L.V. 77
Diagnostics of Space Objects Using the Method of Acoustic Emission.
Nedoseka A.Ya. 83
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Peculiarities of Equipment for Technological Works in Space.D udko D.A.,
Zagrebelny A.A., Paton V.E .and Stesin V.V. 85
Experience of Design of Process Equipment for Performance of Work
in Space Vehicles. Paton B.E., Stesin V.V. and Zagrebelny A.A 88
Hardware for Control of Onboard Technological Equipment.R usinov P.P.,
Demianenko V.V., Palamarchuk T.E. ,Shimanovsky I.O., Tochin V.V.
and Yushchenko B.I. 100
CHAPTER 3. PROCESSING EXPERIMENTS UNDER MICROGRAVITY… 111
GROUND-BASED RETROFITTING 113
Special Features of Training Cosmonaut-Operators to Perform Processing
Operations. Shonin G.S., Kiselyov S.A., Lapchinsky V.F .and
Zagrebelny A.A 113
Facility for Studying Technological Processes under Simulated Space
Conditions. Paton B.E., Paton V.E., Dudko D.A., Bernadsky V.N.,
Dubenko G.P., Lapchinsky V.F., Stesin V.V., Zagrebelny A.A.,
Lankin Yu.N., Masalov Yu.A., Tsygankov O.S. and Bojchuk V.M. 118
Ergonomic Aspects of Welding Operations Performance in Space.
Paton B.E., Dudko D.A., Bernadsky V.N., Lapchinsky V.F. ,Zagrebelny A.A.,
Stesin V.V. and Moiseenko A.A. 122
Influence of Gravity and Protective Clothing on Cosmonaut-Welder
Performance. Paton B.E., Dudko D.A., Bernadsky V.N. ,Lapchinsky V.F.,
Zagrebelny A.A., Stesin V.V., Chekirda I.F. and Borisenko I.P. 128
Training Facility for Simulation of Welding Operations Performance in Space.
Paton B.E., Dudko D.A., Bernadsky V.N., Lapchinsky V.F., Stesin V.V.,
Zagrebelny A.A., Goldman A.B. and Tsygankov O.S. 137
Device for Provision of Safe Operation of Manual Electron Beam Tool
in Spzce. Lankin Yu.N. and Gavrish S.S. 142
System of Monitoring the Position of an Electron Beam Hand Tool.
Bulatsev K.A. and Bulatsev A.A 146
Safety System of Electron Beam Tool.T ochin V.V., Yushchenko B.I.,
Rusinov P.P.,D emianenko V.V. and Palamarchuk T.E. 152
WELDING, CUTTING AND BRAZING OF METALS 154
Experiment on Metal Welding in Space. Paton B.E. and Kubasov V.N. 154
Features of Equipment and Processes of Electron Beam Welding and Cutting
in Space. Paton B.E., Nazarenko O.K., Chalov V.I., Neporozhny Yu. V.,
Lebedev V.K., Zaruba I.I., Shelyagin V.D., Dudko D.A., Bernadsky V.N.,
Asoyants G.B., Lankin Yu.N., Masalov Yu.A., Dubenko G.P., Drabovich Yu.I.,
Yurchenko N.N., Afanasiev I.V., Nazarov G.A. and Sidorov N.G. 160
Investigation of Melting and Transfer of Electrode Metal in Welding under
Conditions of Varying Gravity.P aton B.E., Pokhodnya I.K., Marchenko A.E.,
Fartushny V.G., Morozov Yu.D., Ponomaryov .VI., Lapchinsky V.F. and
Masalov Yu.A. 168
Performance of Manual Electron Beam Welding in Space.P aton B.E.,
Dudko D.A., Bernadsky V.N. ,Lapchinsky V.F. ,Zagrebelny A.A., Stesin V.V.
and Chalov V.I. 174
© 2003 Taylor & Francis
Contents vii
Testing of Manual Electron Beam Welding Tool in Open SpaceN. ikitsky V.P.,
Lapchinsky V.F., Zagrebelny A.A., Stesin V.V. and Shelyagin V.D. 178
Welding Equipment for Space Applications. Dzhanibekov V.A.,
Zagrebelny A.A., Gavrish S.S., Stesin V.V., Shelyagin V.D., Yurchenko N.N.
and Markov A.V. 184
Work on Manual Electron Beam Technology in Space.P aton B.E., Gavrish S.S.,
Shulym V.F., Bulatsev A.R., Demianenko V.V., Kryukov V.A., Perepechenko B.I.,
Lyubomudrov I.G., Strelnikov M.A., Kharkovskaya T.N., Zagrebelny A.A.,
Nikitsky V.P., Markov A.V. and Churilo I.V. 190
Some Features of Formation of Brazed Joints with Radiant Heating under
Conditions of Gravity and Zero Gravity. Kasich-Pilipenko I.E., Dvernyakov V.S.,
Pasichny V.V., Lapchinsky V.F., Novosadov V.S., Beloborodova L.B. and
Zagrebelny A.A 212
Welding Aluminium Alloy 1201 by Radiant Energy of the Sun.B ondarev A.A.,
Dvernyakov V.S., Kasich-Pilipenko I.E., Korol A.A., Lapchinsky V.F.,
Lozovskaya A.V. and Trenovoj E.G. 217
Features of Chemical Element Migration in the Subsurface Layers of Metals
and Alloys During Thermal Cycling. Smiyan O.D., Grigorenko G.M.,
Mikhajlovskaya E.S., Kapitanchuk L.M. and Antonov S.O. 220
Design, Based on EBW Application under Extreme Conditions.
Bondarev A.A. and Ternovoj E.G. 227
Investigation of the Properties and Structure of 1201 Alloy Joints Electron
Beam Welded at Different Gravity Levels and Low Temperatures.
Rabkin D.M., Lapchinsky V.F., Ternovoj E.G. ,Lozovskaya A.V.,
Mnyshenko S.V., Bondarev A.A. and Dzykovich I.Ya. 229
Influence of Gravity Forces, Dissolved Hydrogen and Initial Temperature
on the Properties and Tightness of Joints in EBW of Light Structural Alloys.
Ternovoj E.G., Bondarev A.A., Lapchinsky V.F .and Lozovskaya A.V. 236
Investigation of the Structure and Element Distribution in Welded Joints,
Made by the Electron Beam on Alloys 1201 and AMg6 at Zero Gravity.
Bondarev A.A., Lapchinsky V.F., Lozovskaya A.V. and Ternovoj E.G. 240
Calculation of a Multilayer Tubular Item Heating in Brazing.
Zelnichenko A.T., Vakulenko S.A., Bulatsev A.R. and Lapchinsky V.F. 245
Modelling of Thermal Process in Piping Repair in Space. Vasenin Yu.L.,
Zagrebelny A.A., Zelnichenko A.T., Krivtsun I.V. and Shulym V.F. 249
Analysis of Tubular Element Permanent Joints of Braze-Welding and
Brazing Type ,Made Using the VHT. Zagrebelny A.A., Gavrish S.S.,
Bulatsev A.R., Khorunov V.F., Shvets V.I .and Skorobogatov S.A 258
Technology of Vacuum Soldering of Connections in Truss Structures
of Aluminium Alloys. Khorunov V.F., Lapchinsky V.F., Shvets V.I.
and Shylum V.F 264
Formation of Brazed Joints of Thin-Walled Structures in Space. Khorunov V.F.,
Shvets V.I., Bulatsev A.R. and Gavrish S.S 267
Some Problems of Welding Sheet Metal in Space.L apchinsky V.F. 278
Analysis of the Results of Space Experiments, Conducted Using VHT.
Paton B.E., Lapchinsky V.F., Zagrebelny A.A., Gavrish S.S., Grigorenko G.M.,
Malevsky Yu.B., Grabin V.F. and Dzykovich I.Ya. 283
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viii Contents
Manual Electron Beam Welding of Sheet Metal in Open Space.P aton B.E.,
Lapchinsky V.F., Mikhajlovskaya E.S., Shulym V.F., Gavrish S.S.,
Gordan G.N. and Nikitsky V.P 289
Bases of Orbital Joining Technologies .Requirements for Equipment for
Welding in Space. Lapchinsky V.F.,R ieck U., Sobisch G. and Keitel S. 297
Hybrid Laser-Microplasma Welding of Thin Sections of Metals. Paton B.E.,
Gvozdetsky V.S., Krivtsun I.V., Zagrebelny A.A., Shulym V.F. and
Dzheppa V.L. 304
Results of Experiments on Manual EBW in a Manned Space Simulation
Test Chamber. Mikhajlovskaya E.S., Shulym V.F.a nd Zagrebelny A.A 311
COATING DEPOSITION 319
Development of the Technique of Thin-Film Coating Deposition in Space.
Zagrebenly A.A., Neznamova L.O., Nikitsky V.P., Toptygin A.L, Shulym V.F.
and Lukash E.S. 319
Equipment for Coating Deposition by Electron Beam Evaporation Process
at Microgravity. Dudko D.A., Zagrebelny A.A., Shulym V.F.,S tesin V.V.,
Rusinov P.P., Mikhajlovskaya E.S., Nikitsky V.P., Nezmanova L.O.
and Svechkin B.N. 321
Comparative Analysis of the Structure of Pure Metal Films, Condensed
in Space and on the Ground. Palatnik L.S., Toptygin A.L.,C heremskoj P.G.,
Savitsky B.A., Arinkin A.V., Nikitsky V.P., Zhukov G.V., Lapchinsky V.F.
and Shulym V.F 331
Some Results of Analysis of Coating Samples, Produced in Space.
Lukash E.S., Lapchinsky V.F., Shulym V.F., Zagrebenly A.A.,
Neznamova L.O., Nikitsky V.P. and Zhukov G.V. 335
Investigation of the Influence of Gravity on the Composition of Coatings
from Binary Ag-Cu Alloys. Lukash E.S., Shulym V.F., Grigorenko G.M.,
Smiyan O.D. and Neznamova L.O. 340
Some Features of Formation of Silver Coatings at Different Gravity Levels.
Paton B.E., Lapchinsky V.F., Mikhajlovskaya E.S., Gordonnaya A.A.,
Sladkova V.N. ,Shulym V.F .and Neznamova L.O. 344
Peculiarities of Formation of Structure and Composition of Binary Alloys
in Evaporation under Microgravity Conditions. Palatnik L.S., Toptygin A.L.,
Arinkin A.V., Kozma A.A., Nikitsky V.P. ,Zhukov G.V., Lapchinsky V.F.,
Lukash E.S., Neznamova L.O. and Malashenko I.S 349
Segregation Effects in Ag-Cu Coatings Deposited under Space and Earth
Conditions. Toptygin A.L., Mikhajlovskaya E.S., Smiyan O.D., Neznamova L.O.,
Shulym V.F .and Malashenko I.S. 356
Volume-Structural and Phase Micro-Heterogeneities of Electron Density
in Metal Films Condensed under Flight and Earth Conditions.
Cheremskoj P.G., Toptygin A.L, Panikarsky A.S., Arinkin A.V.,
Neznamova L.O., Shulym V.F. and Mikhajlovskaya E.S. 364
Coatings Produced in Near-Earth Orbit and Prospects of Their Application
in Microelectronics. Dudko D.A., Mikhajlovskaya E.S., Shulym V.F.a nd
Neznamova L.O. 371
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Contents ix
Ability to Restore Coatings under Actual Conditions of Space. Paton B.E.,
Mikhajlovskaya E.S., Shulym V.F., Zagrebelny A.A., Nikitsky V.P.,
Churilo l.V. and Neznamova L.O. 377
Aspects of Implementation of an Experiment on Synthesis of Semiconductor
Films in Space. Nikiforov A.I., Pchelyakov A.O., Pchelyakov O.P. ,Sokolov L.V.,
Khoroshevsky V.G., Berzhaty V.I., Zvorykin L.L., Markov A.V., Churilo I.V.
and Zagrebelny A.A 385
MELTING AND SOLIDIFICATION 395
Study of the Features of Melt Solidification at Zero Gravity Using
Optically Transparent Models. Zagrebelny A.A., Lapchinsky V.F.,
Stesin V.V. and Chernitsky Yu.M. 395
Experience of the Use of an Electron Beam Unit for Remelting Materials
in Space. Shulym V.F., Lapchinsky V.F., Lukash E.S., Stesin V, V a.nd
Zhukov G.V. 398
Experiments on Solidification of Aluminium Melts in «Isparitel-M» Unit.
Pimenov V.N., Shulym V.F., Maslyaev S.A. and Betsofen S.Ya. 401
Electron Beam Crucibleless Zone Melting of Silicon Single Crystals.
Paton B.E., Asnis E.A., Zabolotin S.P., Baransky P.I., Babich V.M. and
Skorokhod M.Ya. 407
CHAPTER 4. STUDY OF THE MAGNETOSPHERE OF EARTH 415
Active Experiments in the Near-Earth Space. Paton B.E., Dudko D.A.,
Lebedev V.K., Lankin Yu.N., Nazarenko O.K., Shelyagin V.D., Stesin V.V.,
Pekker V.I., Bajshtruk E.N., Mokhnach V.K., Neporozhny Yu.V.,
Yurchenko N.N. and Pazeev G.F. 417
ARAKS—Controlled or Puzzling Experiment? Cambou F., Lavergnat J.,
Migulin V.V., Morozov A.I., Paton B.E., Pellat R., Pyatsi A.Kh., Reme H.,
Sagdeev R.Z., Sheldon W.R. and Zhulin I.A. 426
A Device for Measuring Gas Pressure During Vacuum Welding.
Bajshtruk E.N., Lankin Yu.N. and Masalov Yu.A. 431
Powerful Electron Accelerator for Active Space Experiments.P aton B.E.,
Dudko D.A., Bernadsky V.N., Asoyants G.B., Lankin Yu.N., Nazarenko O.K.,
Shelyagin V.D., Pekker V.V., Stesin V.V., Kirienko V.I., Bajshtruk E.N.,
Mokhnach V.K., Neporozhny Yu.V., Drabovich Yu.I. and Pazeev G.F. 434
High-Power Small-Size Electron Beam Device for Technological Operations
and Physical Experiments in Space. Paton B.E., Shelyagin VD. .,
Nazarenko O.K., Lankin Yu.N., Mokhnach V.K., Neporozhny Yu. V.,
Bajshtruk E.N., Kirienko V.I., Pekker V.I., Drabovich Yu.I.
and Pazeev G.F. 438
CHAPTER 5. LARGE-SIZED STRUCTURES IN SPACE 447
On Application of Transformable Welded Structures for Space Systems
and Constructions. Paton B.E., Balitsky V.M., Bernadsky V.N .and
Samilov V.N. 449
Development of a Transformable Structure of the Docking Module and
Technology for Its Fabrication. Samilov V.N., Gonchar O.Y u. and
Burmenko E.Yu. 455
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All-Welded Transformable Metal Structures. Paton B.E., Samilov V.N.,
Pilishenko I.S., Gonchar O.Yu. and Burmenko E.Yu. 459
Experimental Studies of Deployment, Forming, Rigid and Dynamic
Characteristics of Annular Frame Structures Installed on Board the Cargo
Spacecraft «Progress-40». Paton B.E., Semyonov Yu.P. ,Belousov P.M.,
Borisenko V.Ya., Burmenko E.Yu., Vakulenko S.E., Vyatkin E.P.,
Gajdajchuk V.V., Grigoriev Yu.I., Gulyaev V.I., Gutskov B.E.,
Dzhanikashvili M.V., Efremov I.S., Koshkin V.L., Kravchenko Yu.D.,
Medzmariashvili E.V., Pilishenko I.S., Samilov V.N., Chernyavsky A.G.,
Shoshunov N.L. and Yakobashvili A.T. 463
Peculiarities of Using Welding Processes for Fabrication and Repair
of Large-Sized Structures in Space. Paton B.E., Lapchinsky V.F.,
Bulatsev A.R., Balitsky V.M. and Samilov V.N. 468
Assembly and Welding of Large-Size Structures in Space. Bulatsev A.R.,
Morejnis M.I., Skorobogatov S.A., Motrij V.I., Samilov V.N. and
Beletsky D.V. 474
Truss Structures in Orbital Complexes. Paton B.E., Bulatsev A.R.,
Mikhajlovskaya E.S., Zagrebelny A.A., Nikitsky V.P., Markov A.V. and
Churilo I.V. 484
Space Transformable Reusable Solar Batteries. Paton B.E., Bulatsev A.R.,
Morejnis M.I., Perepechenko B.I., Beletsky D.V., Poshivalov N.K.,
Zagrebelny A.A., Syromyatnikov V.S., Nikitsky V.P., Belikov E.M.,
Bobrov E.G., Grigoriev Yu.I., Markov A.V. and Gorokhov S.A. 495
CHAPTER 6. FUTURE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGIES 513
Welding and Related Technologies in Space and Ocean: Their Exploration
in the XXI Century. Paton B.E 515
Space Technologies on the Threshold of the Third Millennium.
Paton B.E. 517
Challenging Projects 520
ANNEX 523
References 525
Terminology 547
© 2003 Taylor & Francis