Space Supporting Latin America: Latin America’s Emerging Space Middle Powers

462 Pages·2020·9.748 MB·English

by  Annette Froehlich, Diego Alonso Amante Soria, Ewerton De Marchi

Studies in Space Policy
Annette Froehlich
Diego Alonso Amante Soria
Ewerton De Marchi
Space
Supporting
Latin America
Latin America’s Emerging Space Middle
Powers
Studies in Space Policy
Volume 25
Series Editor
European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria
Edited by: European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria
Director: Jean-Jacques Tortora
Editorial Advisory Board:
Marek Banaszkiewicz
Karel Dobeš
Genevieve Fioraso
Stefania Giannini
Gerd Gruppe
Max Kowatsch
Sergio Marchisio
Fritz Merkle
Margit Mischkulnig
Dominique Tilmans
Frits von Meijenfeldt
https://espi.or.at/about-us/governing-bodies
The use of outer space is of growing strategic and technological relevance. The
development of robotic exploration to distant planets and bodies across the solar
system, as well as pioneering human space exploration in earth orbit and of the
moon, paved the way for ambitious long-term space exploration. Today, space
exploration goes far beyond a merely technological endeavour, as its further
development will have a tremendous social, cultural and economic impact. Space
activities are entering an era in which contributions of the humanities—history,
philosophy, anthropology—, the arts, and the social sciences—political science,
economics, law—will become crucial for the future of space exploration. Space
policythuswillgaininvisibilityandrelevance.TheseriesStudiesinSpacePolicy
shall become the European reference compilation edited by the leading institute in
thefield,theEuropeanSpacePolicyInstitute.Itwillcontainbothmonographsand
collections dealing with their subjects in a transdisciplinary way.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8167
Annette Froehlich Diego Alonso Amante Soria
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Ewerton De Marchi
Space Supporting Latin
America
’
Latin America s Emerging Space Middle
Powers
123
Annette Froehlich DiegoAlonso AmanteSoria
European Space Policy Institute European Space Policy Institute
Vienna,Austria Vienna,Austria
Ewerton De Marchi
European Space Policy Institute
Vienna,Austria
ISSN 1868-5307 ISSN 1868-5315 (electronic)
Studies in SpacePolicy
ISBN978-3-030-38519-4 ISBN978-3-030-38520-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38520-0
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Contents
Part I Space in Latin America
1 General Situation in Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 Historical Background and Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Geography and Political Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.2 Linguistic and Ethnic Traits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2 Evolution of Regionalism and Regional Cooperation. . . . . . . . 13
1.2.1 Organization of American States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.2 Organization of Ibero-American States. . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2.3 Andean Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.2.4 Caribbean Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.2.5 Latin American and Caribbean Economic System. . . 23
1.2.6 Southern Common Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.7 Central American Integration System. . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.2.8 Union of South American Nations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.2.9 Pacific Alliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.2.10 Perspectives of Integration and Regionalism
Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2 Latin American Space Arena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.1 Space Principles and Fundamentals in Latin America . . . . . . . 37
2.2 Satellites Capacity in Latin America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.2.1 Latin American Communications Satellites. . . . . . . . 43
2.2.2 Latin American Earth Observation Satellites. . . . . . . 46
2.2.3 Latin American Science, Technology
and Education Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3 Launch Capacities in Latin America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3.1 Launch Vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.3.2 Brazil Launch Pioneer in Latin America . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3.3 French Guiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
v
vi Contents
3 Regional Space Cooperation: Latin American Experience . . . . . . . 61
3.1 Space Conference of the Americas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.1.1 Space Conference of the Americas: Evolution . . . . . 62
3.1.2 First CEA Conference 1990 in Costa Rica . . . . . . . . 65
3.1.3 Second CEA Conference 1993 in Chile . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.1.4 Third CEA Conference 1996 in Uruguay . . . . . . . . . 66
3.1.5 Fourth CEA Conference 2002 in Colombia . . . . . . . 67
3.1.6 Fifth CEA Conference 2005 in Ecuador. . . . . . . . . . 67
3.1.7 Sixth CEA Conference 2010 in Mexico . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.1.8 Seventh CEA Conference 2015 in Nicaragua . . . . . . 69
3.2 Central American Association for Aeronautics and Space . . . . 69
3.3 Space Generation Advisory Council (Latin America). . . . . . . . 71
3.3.1 SA-SGW Workshop 2015 in Argentina . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.3.2 SA-SGW Workshop 2016 in Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.3.3 SA-SGW Workshop 2017 in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.3.4 SA-SGW Workshop 2018 in Colombia . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.4 Latin American Society of Remote Sensing and Spatial
Information Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.5 Inter-American Committee of Science and Technology . . . . . . 76
4 Latin America’s Global Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.1 Europe’s Engagement in Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.1.1 Cooperation Agreements Between ESA
and Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.1.2 ESA and Brazil Cooperation Agreements. . . . . . . . . 84
4.1.3 ESA Supporting Chile’s Capabilities in the Space
Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.1.4 ESA and Peru Cooperation on the Development
of Earth Observation Capacities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2 South American Space Agency Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.3 Latin America and UN Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3.1 UNCOPUOS and Latin American Countries. . . . . . . 92
4.3.2 UNISPACE Conferences and Regional Centres . . . . 94
4.3.3 Latin American and International Disaster
Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5 Latin America’s Space Legal Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.1 International Space Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.1.1 Latin America and the Progressive Development
of International Space Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.1.2 Implementation of Space Treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.1.3 Space Law Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Contents vii
5.2 National Space Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.2.1 Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.2.2 Bolivia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.2.3 Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.2.4 Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.2.5 Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.2.6 Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.2.7 Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.2.8 Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.2.9 Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Part II Country Reports
6 Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.1 General Country Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.1.1 Political System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.1.2 Economic Situation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.2 History of Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.3 Economic Perspective of Space Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.4 Space Development Policies and Emerging Programs . . . . . . . 151
6.4.1 Space Policies and Main Priorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.4.2 Space Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.5 Perspectives on the Legal Framework for Space Activities . . . 156
6.5.1 National Space Regulations and Instruments. . . . . . . 157
6.5.2 Argentina and International Space Instruments . . . . . 159
6.6 Cooperation Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
6.6.1 Argentina and Latin America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
6.6.2 Argentina and Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.6.3 Argentina and North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.6.4 Argentina and the Asia-Pacific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.6.5 Argentina and the United Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.7 Satellite Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.7.1 Satellite Missions of the National Commission
on Space Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.7.2 Argentinian Geostationary Telecommunications
Satellite System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6.8 Launch Capability and Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
6.8.1 Launch Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
6.8.2 Launching Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.9 Space Technology Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
viii Contents
6.10 Capacity Building and Outreach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
6.10.1 Space Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
6.10.2 Space Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.10.3 Argentina and Non-governmental Space
Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7 Bolivia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.1 General Country Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.1.1 Political System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7.1.2 Economic Situation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
7.2 Space Development Policies and Emerging Programs . . . . . . . 187
7.2.1 Space Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.2.2 Bolivian Space Agency’s Strategic Plan. . . . . . . . . . 189
7.3 Current and Future Perspectives on the Legal Framework
Related to Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.3.1 National Space Regulations and Instruments. . . . . . . 190
7.3.2 Bolivia and International Space Instruments . . . . . . . 191
7.4 Cooperation Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.5 Satellite Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
7.6 Capacity Building and Outreach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
8 Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
8.1 General Country Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
8.2 History of Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
8.3 Economic Perspective of Space Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
8.3.1 Institutional Space Budgets and Program Budget
Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
8.3.2 Space Industry Market by Application/Sectors . . . . . 209
8.3.3 Space Development Economic Trends
and Socio-economic Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.4 Space Development Policies and Emerging Programs . . . . . . . 217
8.5 CurrentandFuturePerspectivesonLegalFrameworkRelated
to Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
8.6 Cooperation Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
8.6.1 Regional Level (Intra-latin America) . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
8.6.2 European Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
8.6.3 Bi-Lateral Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
8.6.4 Worldwide Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
8.7 Satellite Capacities of Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
8.8 Launch Capability and Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Contents ix
8.9 Space Technology Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
8.9.1 Primary Space Needs of Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
8.9.2 Priority List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
8.9.3 Space Applications for Social Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.9.4 National Space Programs: Accomplishments . . . . . . 268
8.9.5 Main Space Actors in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
8.9.6 Academic and Other Research for Space
in Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
8.10 Capacity Building and Outreach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
9 Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
9.1 General Country Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
9.1.1 Political System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
9.1.2 Economic Situation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
9.1.3 Social Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
9.2 History of Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
9.3 Space Development Policies and Emerging Programs . . . . . . . 281
9.3.1 Space Policies and Main Priorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
9.3.2 Space Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
9.4 Current and Future Perspectives on the Legal Framework
Related to Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
9.4.1 National Space Legislation and Instruments . . . . . . . 290
9.4.2 Chile and International Space Instruments . . . . . . . . 291
9.5 Cooperation Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
9.6 Satellite Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
9.7 Space Technology Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
9.8 Capacity Building and Outreach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
9.8.1 Space Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
9.8.2 Chile and Non-governmental Space Institutions . . . . 302
Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
10 Colombia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
10.1 General Country Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
10.1.1 Political System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
10.1.2 Economic Situation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
10.2 History of Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
10.3 Space Development Policies and Emerging Programs . . . . . . . 309
10.3.1 Space Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
10.4 CurrentandFuturePerspectivesonLegalFrameworkRelated
to Space Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
10.4.1 National Space Regulations and Instruments. . . . . . . 312
10.4.2 Colombia and International Space Instruments . . . . . 313