Space Security Law PDF
Preview Space Security Law
Space Security Law . Ruwantissa Abeyratne Space Security Law Dr.RuwantissaAbeyratne InternationalCivilAviationOrganization 999UniversityStreet MontrealH3C5H7,Quebec Canada [email protected] ISBN978-3-642-16701-0 e-ISBN978-3-642-16702-7 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-16702-7 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork #Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotec- tivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg,Germany Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Byanymodernstandardsofhumanendeavorandresearch,communicationsmade possible by global navigation satellite systems and space transportation stand preeminent in the wonderment they offer. What began as exploration of outer spaceinthenineteenfiftiesandsixtiesisnowfullblowntourisminspace.Added tothatisthestartlingpossibilityoftheexistenceoflifeinouterspacewhichmakes usnotonlythinkbutwonderinamazement.StephenHawking–oneoftheworld’s mosteminentandknowledgeablephysicists–hasstatedthatinauniversewith100 billiongalaxies,eachcontaininghundredsofmillionsofstars,itisunlikelythatlife formsarepresentonlyonEarth.Hawkinghasalsosaid: To my mathematical brain, the numbers alone make thinking about aliens perfectly rational... the real challenge is working out what aliens might actually be like1 ... I imagine they might exist in massive ships, having used up all the resources from their homeplanet.Suchadvancedalienswouldperhapsbecomenomads,lookingtoconquerand colonizewhateverplanetstheycanreach.2 Againstthisbewilderingbackdrop,wecontinuetouseandexploreouterspace, take pictures, calculate trajectories of planets and determine who owns the moon andwhatthepurposeofouterspaceexplorationis.Anaddeddimensionistheuse ofaerospaceinterrestrialtransportationwhereanaerospaceplanewilltakeoffas an aircraft, go into orbit, enter the atmosphere using the Earth’s orbit into its destination,cuttingthetraveltimesignificantly.Itissaidthatbyusingthismethod, air travel time can be reduced drastically. For instance, a journey by air between LosAngelesandSydney,whichwouldnowtake14to16hoursbyconventionalair travel, could take 2 hours or less. None of these technological feats would be possible without the advancement of information technology and computerized knowledge-sharing.However,withtheadvancementofthistechnologywouldalso comethethreatofcyberterrorism,whichisarealcauseofconcerntoastronomical scienceandspacetravel. 1http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/space/article7107207.ece#cid¼OTC-RSS &attr¼797084. 2http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/7631252/Stephen-Hawking-alien-life-is-out-there- scientist-warns.html. v vi Preface InMarch1998,thewebsiteoftheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministra- tion(NASA)oftheUnitedStatesreceiveda“denialofservice”attack,calculatedto affectMicrosoftWindowsNTandWindows95operatingsystems.3Theseattacks preventedserversfromansweringnetworkconnections;crashedcomputers,causing abluescreen toappear onthecomputers.Theattackedsystemswererevived,but thisattackwasafollowupofoneinFebruaryofthesameyear,when,fortwoweeks the US Defense Department had unclassified networks penetrated, where hackers accessedpersonnelandpayrollinformation. Cyber-terrorism has the advantage of anonymity, which enables the hacker to obviatecheckpointsoranyphysicalevidencebeingtraceabletohimorher.Itisa lowbudgetformofterrorismwherethe only costs entailed ininterferingwith the computer programs of a space programme would be those pertaining to the right computerequipment. Anyinterferencewithaspaceprogramofanation,whichwouldbeinextricably linked to peaceful uses of outer space, would tantamount to an act of terrorism performedagainstinternationalpeace.Themaintenanceofinternationalpeaceand securityisanimportantobjectiveoftheUnitedNations,4whichrecognizesoneof itspurposesasbeinginteralia: To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: take effective collective measuresforthepreventionandremovalofthreatstothepeace,andforthesuppressionof actsofaggressionorotherbreachesofpeace,andtobringaboutbypeacefulmeans,andin conformitywiththeprinciplesofjusticeandinternationallaw,adjustmentorsettlementof internationaldisputesorsituationswhichmightleadtoabreachofthepeace.5 ItisclearthattheUnitedNationshasrecognizedtheapplicationoftheprinciples of international law as an integral part of maintaining international peace and securityandavoidingsituationswhichmayleadtoabreachofthepeace.6 3http://mgrossmanlaw.com/articles/1999/.CharteroftheUnitedNationsandStatuteoftheInter- national Court of Justice, Department of Public Information, United Nations, New York, DPI/ 511–40108(3-90),100Mat1. 4CharteroftheUnitedNationsandStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice,Departmentof PublicInformation,UnitedNations,NewYork,DPI/511–40108(3-90),100Mat1. 5CharteroftheUnitedNationsandStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice,Departmentof PublicInformation,UnitedNations,NewYork,DPI/511–40108(3-90),100Mat3. 6On17November1989theUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyadoptedResolution44/23which declaredthattheperiod1990-1999bedesignatedastheUnitedNationsDecadeofInternational Law(thefulltextofResolution44/23isannexedasAppendix1attheendofthetextofthisthesis). Themainpurposesofthedecadehavebeenidentifiedinteraliaas: (a) Thepromotionoftheacceptanceoftheprinciplesofinternationallawandrespecttherefore (b) The promotion of the means and methods for the peaceful settlement of disputes between StatesincludingresorttotheinternationalCourtofJusticewithfullrespecttherefore (c) Thefullencouragementoftheprogressivedevelopmentofinternationallawanditscodification (d) The encouragement of the teaching, studying, dissemination and wider appreciation of internationallaw Preface vii No treatise on space transportation should be without a discussion on the relationshipbetweenairtravelandspacetravelintheparticularcontextofthelegal regimes and political commonalities that apply. Therefore, against the variegated background of bewilderment and cautious optimism that space transportation offers, this book begins with an expose´ on international politics, the principles of whichbearuponspacetransportationandtheclosenessofairspaceandouterspace andactivitiesthatstraddlebothfrontiersatthesametime.Itdiscussescurrentissues andpossibilitiesofcommunicationsandtransportationinouterspaceaswellasthe liabilitiesandaccountabilityofthekeyplayersofspaceexploration. Montreal,QC,Canada RuwantissaAbeyratne 30August2010 Reference AbeyratneRIR(1992)TheUnitedNationsdecadeofinternational law.IntJPolit CultSoc5(3):511–523 ThefourtasksoftheResolutionhavebeenpredicateduponthefactthatthepurposeoftheUnited Nationsistomaintainpeaceandsecurity.SeeResolutionsandDecisionsAdoptedbytheGeneral Assembly During its Forty Fourth Session, Vol. 1, 19 Sept – 29 Dec 1989, General Assembly OfficialRecords:FortyFourthSession,SupplementNo.49(A/44/49),UnitedNations,NewYork, 1990,31.ForadetaileddiscussiononResolution44/23seeAbeyratne(1992),pp.511–523. . Contents 1 TheShiftingFocus ......................................................... 1 InternationalPolitics ........................................................ 7 AirSpaceandOuterSpace ................................................. 10 References .................................................................. 14 2 SpaceSecurity ............................................................. 15 TheGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem ................................... 20 References .................................................................. 27 3 IsThereLifeinOuterSpace? ............................................ 29 WhatShouldWeDoIfWeFindLifeinOuterSpace? .................... 36 Reference ................................................................... 40 4 SpaceTourism ............................................................. 41 WhoIsaSpaceTourist? ................................................... 43 ConductoftheSpaceTourist .............................................. 45 References .................................................................. 49 5 LegalandRegulatoryRegime ............................................ 51 ComparisonBetweenSpaceLawandMaritimeLaw ..................... 59 References .................................................................. 64 6 IssuesofAerospaceInsurance ........................................... 65 TheSpaceInsuranceIndustry .............................................. 66 References .................................................................. 71 7 TheAirTransportInsuranceIndustry .................................. 73 References .................................................................. 82 8 TheApplicationofIntellectualPropertyRightstoOuterSpace Activities ................................................................... 83 Territoriality ................................................................ 83 SpaceLawPrinciples ....................................................... 85 TradeRelatedActivitiesofIntellectualProperty .......................... 92 ix
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