Space Fostering Latin American Societies: Developing the Latin American Continent through Space, Part 1 PDF
Preview Space Fostering Latin American Societies: Developing the Latin American Continent through Space, Part 1
Southern Space Studies Series Editor: Annette Froehlich Annette Froehlich Editor Space Fostering Latin American Societies Developing the Latin American Continent through Space, Part 1 Southern Space Studies Series Editor Annette Froehlich , University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa Associate Editors Dirk Heinzmann, Bundeswehr Command and Staff College, Hamburg, Germany André Siebrits, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa Advisory Editors Josef Aschbacher, European Space Agency, Frascati, Italy Rigobert Bayala, National Observatory of Sustainable Development, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Carlos Caballero León, Peruvian Space Agency, Lima, Peru Guy Consolmagno, Vatican Observatory, Castel Gandolfo, Vatican City State Juan de Dalmau, International Space University, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France Driss El Hadani, Royal Center for Remote Sensing of Morocco, Rabat, Morocco El Hadi Gashut, Regional Center For Remote Sensing of North Africa States, Tunis, Tunisia FranciscoJavierMendieta-Jiménez,MexicanSpaceAgency,MexicoCity,Mexico Félix Clementino Menicocci, Argentinean Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Buenos Aires, Argentina Sias Mostert, African Association of Remote Sensing of the Environment, Muizenburg, South Africa Val Munsami, South African National Space Agency, Silverton, South Africa Greg Olsen, Entrepreneur-Astronaut, Princeton, NJ, USA Azzedine Oussedik, Algerian Space Agency, Alger, Algeria Xavier Pasco, Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, Paris, France Alejandro J. Román M., Paraguayan Space Agency, Asunción, Paraguay Kai-Uwe Schrogl, International Institute of Space Law, Paris, France Dominique Tilmans, YouSpace, Wellin, Belgium Jean-Jacques Tortora, European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria Robert van Zyl, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa The Southern Space Studies series presents analyses of space trends, market evolutions,policies,strategiesandregulations,aswellastherelatedsocial,economic and political challenges of space-related activities in the Global South, with a particular focus on developing countries in Africa and Latin America. Obtaining inside informationfromemergingspace-faringcountriesintheseregionsispivotal to establish and strengthen efficient and beneficial cooperation mechanisms in the space arena, and to gain a deeper understanding of their rapidly evolving space activities.Tothisend,theseriesprovidestransdisciplinaryinformationforafruitful development of space activities in relevant countries and cooperation with established space-faring nations. It is, therefore, a reference compilation for space activitiesintheseareas. The volumes of the series are peer-reviewed. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16025 Annette Froehlich Editor Space Fostering Latin American Societies Developing the Latin American Continent through Space, Part 1 123 Editor Annette Froehlich SpaceLab University of Cape Town Rondebosch,SouthAfrica ISSN 2523-3718 ISSN 2523-3726 (electronic) SouthernSpace Studies ISBN978-3-030-38911-6 ISBN978-3-030-38912-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38912-3 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword Experts from the Latin American region have contributed immeasurably to the advancement of space science, technology applications, policy, and law since the beginning of the Space Age. The vast territories of Mexico, Central America, and South America underscored the need for technology to monitor the environment, human settlement, forest and farmland development, and communications among peopleinisolatedregions.Thatiswhytheperspectivessharedinthispublicationis sovaluable.Theworldcommunityislookingtothepromiseoftheimplementation of the UN Sustainability Development Goals and space technology plays a crucial roleinallofthem.Withoutourpresenceinspace,itwouldbeimpossibletoachieve thebetterlifeweareallseekingthroughtheSDGs.TheLatinAmericanexperience is instructive as we move forward, and this series will be foundational for demonstrating the value of space exploration for the betterment of the human condition. At the 2019 session of the UN General Assembly, an unprecedented event was organized by the US Department of State, the governments of Zambia andItalyandtheUNOfficeforOuterSpaceAffairsentitled“BringingtheBenefits of Space to Everyone, Everywhere.” The event highlighted the value of space programs and activities, and the increasing size and importance of the commercial spacesector.Duringtheevent,developingcountriesmadeanimpassionedcasefor theimportanceofspaceapplicationstothecitizensofdevelopingcountries,atheme amplified by government and industry representatives. This event and the publi- cation ofthis series duringtheyearthat wecelebrate thefirsthuman tosetfoot on soil not of the Earth further captures the imagination of our general public on the unifyingcharacterofspacecooperationandtheabilityofallpeoplestobenefitfrom the collective space enterprise. Kenneth Hodgkins Director, Office of Space and Advanced Technology US Department of State Washington, DC, USA v Contents The Need for the Enactment of a Mexican National Legislation for Space Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 María Clarisa Jiménez Martínez The Importance of the Aerospace Sector for Mexico: An Industrial, Social and Educative Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Jorge Alfredo Ferrer-Pérez, Carlos Romo-Fuentes, and Rafael Guadalupe Chávez-Moreno Study and Selection of Satellite Images of Nano Satellites for the Agriculture Field in Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Puma-Guzman Rosalyn and Soliz Jorge CIIIASaT Structure Additive Manufacturing Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Malena Ley-Bun-Leal, Marlom Arturo Gamboa-Aispuro, Patricia del Carmen Zambrano-Robledo, Ciro Angel Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Omar Eduardo Lopez-Botello, and Barbara Bermúdez-Reyes Using Space Technology to Mitigate the Risk Caused by Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Jörg Rapp, Engelbert Niehaus, Alexandre Ribó, Roberto Mejía, Edgar Quinteros, and Anna Fath Kourou: The European Spaceport and Its Impact on the French Guyana Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Anne-Sophie Martin Closing the Digital Divide: General Trends and Driving Factors Behind Internet Usage in Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Christopher Yoon Time to Change Your Education Programme—The Transformative Power of Digital Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Alessia Durczok vii viii Contents Changing Objectives in Achieving Space Sovereignty in Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Mehak Sarang Long-Term Sustainability of Space Activities: Achievements and Prospects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Laura Jamschon Mac Garry Latin America’s Space-Related Heritage and Its Preservation . . . . . . . . 153 Annette Froehlich and André Siebrits The Need for the Enactment of a Mexican National Legislation for Space Activities María Clarisa Jiménez Martínez Abstract Spaceactivitieshavebeenexponentiallyincreasingandhavegainedimportance between States and private undertakings. The development of a national space lawis agrowing trendinorderforStatestoregulateprivatesectorinvolvement inanactivitythatwasinitiallycarriedoutexclusivelybygovernmentalagencies. However,there areseveralfactorssuchastheabsence ofa strongspace policy, that have affected the development offruitful space activities, as is the case in Mexico. This article will provide a general overview of the current Mexican space activities under the corresponding Mexican legal framework in force, to determineifsuchframeworkpromotesthedevelopmentofsuch activitiesand,if required and feasible, to propose amendments to the legal framework. 1 Introduction Duringtheearlydevelopmentofspaceactivities,themainactorswereStates,since governments had “the technical and financial capabilities to carry out the explo- ration and use of outer space.”1 Therefore, the international legal framework developed at the time focused primarily on providing for State activities in outer space. 1Tronchetti,F.(2013).FundamentalsofSpaceLawandPolicy.NewYork,NewYork:Springer NewYork,p.25. M.C.JiménezMartínez(&) InternationalInstituteofAirandSpaceLaw,LeidenUniversity,Leiden,Netherlands ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 1 A.Froehlich(ed.),SpaceFosteringLatinAmericanSocieties,SouthernSpace Studies,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38912-3_1 2 M.C.JiménezMartínez As the years went by, the initial scenario began to change, and private under- takings started to take part in the space sector. As a result, a need for the legal framework to be adapted in order to suit both, governmental and private space activities, began to emerge. This article intends to determine if the Mexican legal framework currently in force is enough in order to ensure the development of Mexican space activities. In order to provide a grounded answer, the author will provide a general over- viewofthespaceactivitiesdevelopedbyMexicoandthenanalyzeitscurrentlegal framework, including international treaties and national law, to determine if amendments are required, and if so, under which terms. 2 Overview of the Mexican Space Activities The satellite infrastructure is the main, if not the only, space activity developed by the Mexican State. In 1985, Mexico launched its first satellites, Morelos 1 and Morelos 2 that composed the Morelos Satellite System, with the objective of connecting the countrywithdomesticinfrastructure.Atthetime,thisbecameahistoricalmilestone regardingthesatelliteinfrastructure.TheMorelosSatelliteSystemsetthebasisfor the following satellite systems developed by the country. Telecomunicaciones de Mexico, also known as Telecomm, a decentralized publicentityoperatedsatellitetelecommunicationsinMexicoatthetime.However, in 1997, after the privatization of the satellite sector, the company Satelites Mex- icanos, S.A. de C.V., referred to as Satmex, was incorporated as a private under- taking. During this period, the Solaridad System and the Satmex System were developed and widely expanded the capacities of use and exploitation of satellite communications. Later, in 2014, Satmex was acquired by the French company Eutelsat. In2005,theMexicangovernmentgrantedthecompanyQuetzsat,S. deR.L. de C.V. a concession to provide satellite broadcasting services, becoming the second national operator with the launch of the QuetzSat-1 satellite in September 2011. However, in 2009, recognizing the need for a satellite system owned by the State, the Mexican Satellite System, Mexsat, was created. Mexsat is composed by thesatellitesBicentenario,launchedin2012,andMorelos3,launchedin2015,and is operated by Telecomm from control centers located in Mexico City and Her- mosillo, Sonora. The Mexican satellite activities are controlled directly by the Ministry of Communications and Transportation, without the involvement of the Mexican Space Agency. Furthermore, satellite activities are subject to Federal Law on Telecommunications and Broadcasting and the competent authority is the Federal Telecommunications Institute.
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