Space Flight Dynamics

583 Pages·2018·15.43 MB·English

by  Craig A. Kluever

Space Flight Dynamics
AerospaceSeries
SpaceFlightDynamics Kluever January2018
IntroductiontoNonlinearAeroelasticity Dimitriadis April2017
IntroductiontoAerospaceEngineeringwithaFlight Corda March2017
TestPerspective
AdaptiveAeroservoelasticControl Tewari March2016
TheoryandPracticeofAircraftPerformance Kundu,PriceandRiordan November2015
TheGlobalAirlineIndustry,SecondEdition Belobaba,Odoniand July2015
Barnhart
ModelingtheEffectofDamageinCompositeStructures: Kassapoglou March2015
SimplifiedApproaches
IntroductiontoAircraftAeroelasticityandLoads, WrightandCooper December2014
2ndEdition
AircraftAerodynamicDesign:Geometryand SóbesterandForrester October2014
Optimization
TheoreticalandComputationalAerodynamics Sengupta September2014
AerospacePropulsion Lee October2013
AircraftFlightDynamicsandControl Durham August2013
CivilAvionicsSystems,2ndEdition Moir,SeabridgeandJukes August2013
ModellingandManagingAirportPerformance Zografos,Andreattaand July2013
Odoni
AdvancedAircraftDesign:ConceptualDesign,Analysis Torenbeek June2013
andOptimizationofSubsonicCivilAirplanes
DesignandAnalysisofCompositeStructures:With Kassapoglou April2013
ApplicationstoAerospaceStructures,2ndEdition
AircraftSystemsIntegrationofAir-LaunchedWeapons Rigby April2013
DesignandDevelopmentofAircraftSystems,2ndEdition MoirandSeabridge November2012
UnderstandingAerodynamics:Arguingfromthe McLean November2012
RealPhysics
AircraftDesign:ASystemsEngineeringApproach Sadraey October2012
IntroductiontoUAVSystems4e FahlstromandGleason August2012
TheoryofLift:IntroductoryComputational McBain August2012
AerodynamicswithMATLABandOctave
SenseandAvoidinUAS:ResearchandApplications Angelov April2012
MorphingAerospaceVehiclesandStructures Valasek April2012
GasTurbinePropulsionSystems MacIsaacandLangton July2011
BasicHelicopterAerodynamics,3rdEdition SeddonandNewman July2011
AdvancedControlofAircraft,SpacecraftandRockets Tewari July2011
CooperativePathPlanningofUnmannedAerialVehicles Tsourdosetal November2010
PrinciplesofFlightforPilots Swatton October2010
AirTravelandHealth:ASystemsPerspective Seabridgeetal September2010
DesignandAnalysisofCompositeStructures:With Kassapoglou September2010
applicationstoaerospaceStructures April2010
UnmannedAircraftSystems:UAVSDesign,
DevelopmentandDeploymentAustin
IntroductiontoAntennaPlacement&Installations Macnamara April2010
PrinciplesofFlightSimulation Allerton October2009
AircraftFuelSystems Langtonetal May2009
TheGlobalAirlineIndustry Belobaba April2009
ComputationalModellingandSimulationofAircraftand Diston April2009
theEnvironment:Volume1-PlatformKinematicsand
SyntheticEnvironment
HandbookofSpaceTechnology Ley,WittmannHallmann April2009
AircraftPerformanceTheoryandPracticeforPilots Swatton August2008
AircraftSystems,3rdEdition Moir&Seabridge March2008
IntroductiontoAircraftAeroelasticityandLoads Wright&Cooper December2007
StabilityandControlofAircraftSystems Langton September2006
MilitaryAvionicsSystems Moir&Seabridge February2006
DesignandDevelopmentofAircraftSystems Moir&Seabridge June2004
AircraftLoadingandStructuralLayout Howe May2004
AircraftDisplaySystems Jukes December2003
CivilAvionicsSystems Moir&Seabridge December2002
Space Flight Dynamics
Craig A. Kluever
University of Missouri-Columbia, USA
Thiseditionfirstpublished2018
©2018JohnWiley&SonsLtd
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,
inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptas
permittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailableat
http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
TherightofCraigA.Kluevertobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordance
withlaw.
RegisteredOffices
JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
EditorialOffice
TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWileyproductsvisitus
atwww.wiley.com.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Somecontentthat
appearsinstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinotherformats.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty
MATLAB®andSimulinkisatrademarkofTheMathWorks,Inc.andisusedwithpermission.TheMathWorks
doesnotwarranttheaccuracyofthetextorexercisesinthisbook.Thiswork’suseordiscussionofMATLAB®
softwareorrelatedproductsdoesnotconstituteendorsementorsponsorshipbyTheMathWorksofa
particularpedagogicalapproachorparticularuseoftheMATLAB®software.
Whilethepublisherandauthorshaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthiswork,theymakeno
representationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisworkand
specificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityor
fitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesrepresentatives,writtensales
materialsorpromotionalstatementsforthiswork.Thefactthatanorganization,website,orproductisreferred
tointhisworkasacitationand/orpotentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthatthepublisherand
authorsendorsetheinformationorservicestheorganization,website,orproductmayprovideor
recommendationsitmaymake.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedin
renderingprofessionalservices.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyour
situation.Youshouldconsultwithaspecialistwhereappropriate.Further,readersshouldbeawarethat
websiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhenit
isread.Neitherthepublishernorauthorsshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,
includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Kluever,CraigA.(CraigAllan),author.
Title:Spaceflightdynamics/byCraigA.Kluever.
Description:Firstedition.|Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2018.|
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.|
Identifiers:LCCN2017042818(print)|LCCN2017054455(ebook)|ISBN
9781119157908(pdf)|ISBN9781119157847(epub)|ISBN9781119157823(cloth)
Subjects:LCSH:Astrodynamics.|Spaceflight.
Classification:LCCTL1050(ebook)|LCCTL1050.K5552018(print)|DDC
629.4/1–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017042818
CoverdesignbyWiley
Coverimage:AnAtlasVrocketwithNASA’sJunospacecraftliftsofffromSpaceLaunchComplex41ofthe
CapeCanaveralAirForceStationinFlorida.Photocredit:PatCorkery,UnitedLaunchAlliance
Setin10/12ptWarnockbySPiGlobal,Pondicherry,India
PrintedandboundbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
Series Preface xi
Preface xiii
About the Companion Website xvii
1 HistoricalOverview 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Early Modern Period 1
1.3 Early Twentieth Century 3
1.4 Space Age 4
2 Two-BodyOrbitalMechanics 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Two-Body Problem 7
2.3 Constants of Motion 11
2.3.1 Conservation of Angular Momentum 11
2.3.2 Conservation of Energy 13
2.4 ConicSections 15
2.4.1 Trajectory Equation 15
2.4.2 Eccentricity Vector 20
2.4.3 Energy and Semimajor Axis 21
2.5 Elliptical Orbit 23
2.5.1 Ellipse Geometry 24
2.5.2 Flight-Path Angle and Velocity Components 24
2.5.3 Period of an Elliptical Orbit 31
2.5.4 Circular Orbit 32
2.5.5 Geocentric Orbits 33
2.6 Parabolic Trajectory 38
2.7 Hyperbolic Trajectory 42
2.8 Summary 46
Further Reading 46
Problems 47
3 OrbitDetermination 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Coordinate Systems 55
3.3 Classical Orbital Elements 57
vi Contents
3.4 Transforming Cartesian Coordinates to Orbital Elements 60
3.5 Transforming Orbital Elements to Cartesian Coordinates 66
3.5.1 Coordinate Transformations 68
3.6 Ground Tracks 75
3.7 Orbit Determination fromOne Ground-Based Observation 79
3.7.1 Topocentric-Horizon Coordinate System 79
3.7.2 Inertial Position Vector 81
3.7.3 Inertial Velocity Vector 82
3.7.4 Ellipsoidal Earth Model 85
3.8 Orbit Determination fromThree Position Vectors 88
3.9 Survey of Orbit-Determination Methods 95
3.9.1 Orbit Determination Using Angles-Only Measurements 95
3.9.2 Orbit Determination Using Three Position Vectors 97
3.9.3 Orbit Determination from TwoPosition Vectors and Time 97
3.9.4 Statistical Orbit Determination 98
3.10 Summary 99
References 100
Problems 100
4 TimeofFlight 107
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Kepler’s Equation 107
4.2.1 Time of Flight Using Geometric Methods 107
4.2.2 Time of Flight Using Analytical Methods 108
4.2.3 Relating Eccentric and True Anomalies 112
4.3 Parabolic and Hyperbolic Timeof Flight 117
4.3.1 Parabolic Trajectory Flight Time 117
4.3.2 Hyperbolic Trajectory FlightTime 119
4.4 Kepler’s Problem 123
4.5 Orbit Propagation Using Lagrangian Coefficients 127
4.6 Lambert’s Problem 135
4.7 Summary 145
References 145
Problems 146
5 Non-KeplerianMotion 151
5.1 Introduction 151
5.2 Special Perturbation Methods 152
5.2.1 Non-Spherical Central Body 153
5.3 General Perturbation Methods 159
5.3.1 Lagrange’s Variation of Parameters 160
5.3.2 Secular Perturbations due to Oblateness (J ) 164
2
5.4 Gauss’ Variation of Parameters 174
5.5 Perturbation Accelerations for Earth Satellites 180
5.5.1 Non-Spherical Earth 180
5.5.2 Third-Body Gravity 182
Contents vii
5.5.3 Atmospheric Drag 185
5.5.4 Solar Radiation Pressure 189
5.6 Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem 192
5.6.1 Jacobi’s Integral 194
5.6.2 Lagrangian Points 195
5.7 Summary 203
References 203
Problems 204
6 RocketPerformance 213
6.1 Introduction 213
6.2 Rocket Propulsion Fundamentals 213
6.3 The Rocket Equation 214
6.4 Launch Trajectories 219
6.5 Staging 227
6.6 Launch Vehicle Performance 231
6.7 Impulsive Maneuvers 233
6.8 Summary 234
References 235
Problems 235
7 ImpulsiveOrbitalManeuvers 241
7.1 Introduction 241
7.2 Orbit Shaping 242
7.3 Hohmann Transfer 245
7.3.1 Coplanar Transfer with Tangential Impulses 248
7.4 General Coplanar Transfer 252
7.5 Inclination-Change Maneuver 256
7.6 Three-DimensionalOrbitTransfer 259
7.7 Summary 264
References 264
Problems 264
8 RelativeMotionandOrbitalRendezvous 275
8.1 Introduction 275
8.2 Linear Clohessy–Wiltshire Equations 275
8.3 Homogeneous Solution of the Clohessy–Wiltshire Equations 280
8.4 Orbital Rendezvous Using the Clohessy–Wiltshire Equations 288
8.5 Summary 298
References 298
Problems 298
9 Low-ThrustTransfers 303
9.1 Introduction 303
9.2 Electric Propulsion Fundamentals 304
9.3 Coplanar Circle-to-Circle Transfer 306
viii Contents
9.3.1 Comparing Impulsive and Low-Thrust Transfers 313
9.4 Coplanar Transfer with Earth-Shadow Effects 315
9.5 Inclination-Change Maneuver 318
9.6 Transfer Between Inclined Circular Orbits 320
9.7 Combined Chemical-Electric Propulsion Transfer 322
9.8 Low-Thrust Transfer Issues 328
9.9 Summary 329
References 329
Problems 330
10 InterplanetaryTrajectories 335
10.1 Introduction 335
10.2 Patched-Conic Method 338
10.2.1 Sphere of Influence 339
10.2.2 Coplanar Heliocentric Transfers between Circular Orbits 341
10.3 Phase Angle at Departure 351
10.4 Planetary Arrival 355
10.5 Heliocentric Transfers Using anAccurate Ephemeris 359
10.5.1 Pork-Chop Plots 367
10.5.2 Julian Date 368
10.6 Gravity Assists 370
10.7 Summary 378
References 379
Problems 379
11 AtmosphericEntry 385
11.1 Introduction 385
11.2 Entry Flight Mechanics 386
11.3 Ballistic Entry 390
11.4 Gliding Entry 396
11.5 Skip Entry 404
11.6 Entry Heating 412
11.7 Space Shuttle Entry 418
11.8 Summary 422
References 423
Problems 423
12 AttitudeDynamics 429
12.1 Introduction 429
12.2 RigidBody Dynamics 430
12.2.1 Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body 432
12.2.2 Principal Axes 438
12.2.3 Rotational Kinetic Energy 439
12.2.4 Euler’s Moment Equations 441
12.3 Torque-Free Motion 442