Space Enterprise: Living and Working Offworld in the 21st Century

659 Pages·2009·9.56 MB·English

by  Dr. Philip Robert Harris (auth.)

Space Enterprise:
Living andWorking Offworld in the 21st Century
Philip Robert Harris
Space Enterprise:
Living and Working Offworld in the 21st Century
Published in association with
Praxis Publishing
Chichester, UK
Dr. Philip Robert Harris
Management/Space Psychologist
Harris International, La Jolla, California
Adjunct Professor, California School of International Management
San Diego, California, USA
Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
www.drphilipharris.com
SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
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Contents
Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Foreword by David G. Schrunk, M.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
List ofexhibits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
List ofabbreviations and acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
About the contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi
About the author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xli
Prologue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlv
1 Toward a global space vision, ethos, and enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Space visions of humankind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Evolution and space development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.2 Multiple visions of space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.3 Articulating a space vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 North American space case study: U.S.A., Canada, Mexico . . . . 11
1.2.1 United States space case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2.2 Canadian space case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.3 Mexico's space vision and ethos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.2.4 Conclusions about North American space vision and ethos 27
1.3 Russian space case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.3.1 Conclusions about Russian space vision and ethos . . . . 35
1.4 European space case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.4.1 France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.4.2 Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
vi Contents
1.4.3 Great Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.4.4 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.4.5 ESA emergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.4.6 Conclusion about European space vision and ethos . . . 43
1.5 Asian space case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.5.1 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.5.2 Conclusion on Chinese space vision and ethos . . . . . . . 47
1.5.3 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.5.4 Conclusion on Japan's space vision and ethos . . . . . . . 50
1.5.5 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
1.5.6 Conclusion on India's space vision and ethos . . . . . . . 53
1.5.7Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.5.8 Conclusion on Asian space vision and ethos . . . . . . . . 54
1.6 Other nations in space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
1.7Conclusions on global space vision, ethos, and enterprise . . . . . 58
1.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2 Human space exploration and settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.1 Leaving Earth's cradle: joint venturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.2 Emerging space settlement issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6
2.3 Interdisciplinary contributions to space habitation . . . . . . . . . . 7 9
2.4 Redirecting knowledge and workforces upward . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.5 Space is a place for synergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.6 Conclusions: synergizing space exploration and settlement . . . . . 97
2.7References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3 Space habitability and the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.1 Space habitability and life sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.1.1 Emerging life/behavioral science research . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.1.2 Space settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.2 Behavioral analysis of life aloft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.3 Anthropology and space habitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.4 Psychology and space habitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.4.1 Emerging contributions of space psychologists . . . . . . . 127
3.4.2 Addressing spacefarers' psychological needs . . . . . . . . . 129
3.4.3 Space psychologists in the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.5 Sociology and space habitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.6 Living systems and space habitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
3.6.1 Studying orbital living systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.7Habitability and the space environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.8 Conclusions on future research directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
3.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Contents vii
4 Cultural implications ofspace enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.1 Culture: a coping strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.2 Emergence of a new space culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.3 Cultural in¯uences on aerospace organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 0
4.4 Cosmic cultures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 6
4.5 Conclusions on emerging space culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7
4.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5 High-performing spacefarers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.1 Extending human presence aloft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.1.1 Human orbital expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
5.1.2 Offworld multiculturalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
5.1.3 High-performance offworld norm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
5.1.4 Exceptional ground support services . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5.2 Learning from human offworld performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.2.1 Improving human factor research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5.2.2 Learning from spacefarers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
5.2.3 Advantages of diversity and teamwork . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.3 Crew system productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
5.3.1 Improving orbital performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
5.3.2 Countering the downside aloft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
5.3.3 Human sexuality and family offworld . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
5.4 Orbital team performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
5.4.1 Orbital team building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
5.4.2 Crew-training strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.4.3 Strengthening team culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
5.5 Human/Machine interface aloft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
5.5.1 Orbital team mates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
5.6 Human resource development of spacefarers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
5.6.1 Educating for space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
5.6.2 Troubles in paradise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
5.7Space ergonomics and ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
5.7.1 Space ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
5.7.2 Habitation ergonomics and ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
5.8 Space performance research issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
5.9 Conclusions on spacefarers' performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
5.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
6 Orbital deployment systems and tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
6.1 Terrestrial analogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
6.1.1 Polar regions as laboratories for space . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
6.1.2 European isolation studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
6.1.3 Biosphere 2 (private enterprise) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
6.1.4 Design for extreme environment assembly . . . . . . . . . . 261
6.1.5 Mars virtual explorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
viii Contents
6.2 Space personnel deployment strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
6.3 SPDS stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
6.3.1 Stage One: Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
6.3.2 Stage Two: Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5
6.3.3 Stage Three: In-space services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
6.3.4 Stage Four: Re-entry policies and programs . . . . . . . . . 296
6.4 Transforming space development through tourism . . . . . . . . . . 304
6.5 Conclusions on space personnel deployment and tourism . . . . . 310
6.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
7 Macrothinking in strategic space planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7.1 Understanding macrothinking and planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
7.1.1 Large-scale space enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
7.1.2 Space strategic planning and management . . . . . . . . . . 322
7.2 Macrothinking examples from the past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
7.3 Mini case studies of macrothinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
7.3.1 Spaceport case study by Derek Webber . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
7.3.2 The European Moon program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
7.4 Macrothinking perils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
7.4.1 Orion: the original proposal for a nuclear-powered rocket 339
7.4.2 United Societies in Space, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
7.4.3 First Millennial Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
7.5 Current macrothinking illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
7.6 Future macrothinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
7.7 Macrothinking conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
7.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
8 Macromanagement ofspace enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
8.1 Management challenges for the space era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
8.1.1 Macromanagement prototypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
8.2 The Apollo heritage of innovative management . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
8.2.1 Matrix management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
8.2.2 Knowledge management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
8.3 The impact of organizational culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
8.3.1 Learning from organizational setbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
8.3.2 Space macromangement culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1
8.4 Emerging space roles of Earth-based managers . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3
8.5 Management in orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 8
8.6 Macromanagement for/in outer space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 9
8.6.1 Emerging macromanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
8.6.2 Educating tomorrow's macromanagers . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
8.7Space management in the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
8.7.1 Re-education of humanity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Contents ix
8.8 Space Station case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
8.8.1 Mini case study: evolution of the International Space
Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
8.9 ISS learnings in macromanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
8.10 Conclusions on space macromanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
8.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
9 Challenges in offworld private enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
9.1 Challenges and realities in space enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
9.1.1 Space entrepreneurialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
9.1.2 Rocket renaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
9.1.3 Space entrepreneur analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
9.1.4 NewSpace business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
9.2 Macrochallenges on the commercial space frontier . . . . . . . . . . 421
9.2.1 Model for astrobusiness analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
9.2.2 Private/Public-sector cooperation in space commerce . . . 428
9.2.3 Lowering space transportation access costs . . . . . . . . . 430
9.2.4 Entrepreneurial view on space access . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
9.3 Technical space A&R challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
9.3.1 Space robotic possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
9.3.2 Spacebots' prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
9.4 Legal space frontier challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
9.4.1 Space laws and regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
9.4.2 Space settlements and governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
9.4.3 Future space administration and governance . . . . . . . . 449
9.5 Political challenges on the space frontier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
9.5.1 In¯uencing space policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
9.5.2 In¯uencing lunar policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
9.5.3 In¯uencing commercial space development . . . . . . . . . 460
9.6 Conclusions on offworld private enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
9.6.1 Space education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
9.7References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
10 Lunar enterprises and development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 1
10.1 Reclaiming the Moon: rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3
10.1.1 International lunar agreements and initiatives . . . . . . . 47 8
10.1.2 Asian lunar initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 9
10.1.3 European lunar initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
10.1.4 U.S. lunar initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
10.1.5 Private lunar initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
10.2 Lunar administration and governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
10.2.1 Background observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
10.2.2 Lunar Economic Development Authority (LEDA) pro-
posal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
x Contents
10.2.3 The strategy of space authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
10.2.4 Creating lunar social systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
10.3 Lunar exploration and science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
10.3.1 The Antarctica Model vs. terraforming . . . . . . . . . . . 505
10.3.2 Science role in exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
10.4 Lunar settlement and industrialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
10.4.1 Lunar start-up enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
10.4.2 Earth support enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
10.4.3 Lunar base location and expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
10.5 Conclusions on lunar developments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
10.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Transforming space visions into realities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Exercising transformational leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
APPENDICES
A Governance issues in space societies by George S. Robinson . . . . . . . . 535
A.1 Beyond imperialism: beyond space colonies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
A.2 Governance in the absence of human rights and duties . . . . . . . 537
A.3 Transitioning principles for governance of space societies . . . . . 538
A.4 Space governance: preliminary conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
A.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
B Space-based energy: Lunar solar power by David R. Criswell and
Philip R. Harris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
B.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
B.2 Rationale for a lunar solar power system (LSPS). . . . . . . . . . . 547
B.3 Lunar solar power system proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
B.4 Lunar power base technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
B.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
B.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
C Learning from space entrepreneurs by Thomas L. Matula . . . . . . . . . . 569
C.1 Dawn of the Spage Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
C.2 Space Services of America Incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 0
C.3 Orbital Sciences Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2
C.4 Lessons learned from these space entrepreneurs . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2
C.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4
C.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 6
Contents xi
D Health services aloft: Space nurses by Linda M. Plush and
Eleanor A. O'Rangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 9
Part 1 Healthcare offworld: historical perspectives and current state of
affairs relative to medical care knowledge and capabilities in
the manned space¯ight program and beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 9
D.1 Dawn of space medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
D.2 Space medicine issues in Projects Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo . 580
D.3 The Skylab program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
D.4 Space Shuttle program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
D.5 The Shuttle±Mir program and the International Space Station . . 584
D.6 To the Moon (again) and Mars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
D.7Health challenges of private citizens in orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
D.8 Part 1: Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Part 2 Future role of space nursing in space¯ight arena . . . . . . . . . 590
D.9 A visionary nursing leader: Martha E. Rogers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
D.10 Role of nurses in a future lunar settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
D.11 Emerging personal/commercial space¯ight nursing . . . . . . . . . . 592
D.12 Advancing space nursing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
D.13 Part 2: Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
D.14 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Part 1 Health services aloft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Part 2 Space nursing bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
E International Lunar Observatory strategy by Steve Durst . . . . . . . . . . 599
E.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
E.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
E.3 International support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
E.3.1 Strategies within states and nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
E.4 Financing the ILO macroproject. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
E.5 ILO lunar location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
E.6 ILO'S master plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
E.7ILO features and bene®ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
E.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
E.9 International Lunar Observatory Association News . . . . . . . . . 605
E.9.1 ILOA moves forward with precursor mission, advancing
Galaxy forums, and private funding initiatives; SpaceDev
completes ILO Payload Study; BOD meeting set for July
in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
E.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
F Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613