Space and the Memories of Violence: Landscapes of Erasure, Disappearance and Exception PDF
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PalgraveMacmillanMemoryStudies SeriesEditors:AndrewHoskinsandJohnSutton InternationalAdvisoryBoard:StevenBrown,UniversityofLeicester,UK,MaryCarruthers,NewYork University,USA,PaulConnerton,UniversityofCambridge,UK,AstridErll,UniversityofWuppertal, Germany,RobynFivush,EmoryUniversity,USA,TilmannHabermas,UniversityofFrankfurtamMain, Germany,JeffreyOlick,UniversityofVirginia,USA,SusannahRadstone,UniversityofEastLondon,UK, AnnRigney,UtrechtUniversity,Netherlands ThenascentfieldofMemoryStudiesemergesfromcontemporarytrendsthatincludeashiftfromconcern withhistoricalknowledgeofeventstothatofmemory,from‘whatweknow’to‘howwerememberit’; changesingenerationalmemory;therapidadvanceoftechnologiesofmemory;panicsoverdeclining powersofmemory,whichmirrorourfascinationwiththepossibilitiesofmemoryenhancement;andthe developmentoftraumanarrativesinreshapingthepast. Thesefactorshavecontributedtoanintensificationofpublicdiscoursesonourpastoverthelast30years. Technological,political,interpersonal,socialandculturalshiftsaffectwhat,howandwhypeopleand societiesrememberandforget.Thisground-breakingseriestacklesquestionssuchas:Whatis‘memory’ undertheseconditions?Whatareitsprospects,andalsotheprospectsforitsinterdisciplinaryandsys- tematicstudy?Whataretheconceptual,theoreticalandmethodologicaltoolsforitsinvestigationand illumination? MatthewAllen THELABOUROFMEMORY MemorialCultureand7/7 SilkeArnold-deSimine MEDIATINGMEMORYINTHEMUSEUM Empathy,Trauma,Nostalgia RebeccaBramall THECULTURALPOLITICSOFAUSTERITY PastandPresentinAustereTimes IritDekel MEDIATIONATTHEHOLOCAUSTMEMORIALINBERLIN AnneFuchs AFTERTHEDRESDENBOMBING PathwaysofMemory1945tothePresent IrialGlynnandJ.OlafKleist(editors) HISTORY,MEMORYANDMIGRATION PerceptionsofthePastandthePoliticsofIncorporation AndreaHajek NEGOTIATINGMEMORIESOFPROTESTINWESTERNEUROPE TheCaseofItaly AmyHoldsworth TELEVISION,MEMORYANDNOSTALGIA JasonJames PRESERVATIONANDNATIONALBELONGINGINEASTERNGERMANY HeritageFetishismandRedeemingGermanness SaraJones THEMEDIAOFTESTIMONY RememberingtheEastGermanStasiintheBerlinRepublic EmilyKeightleyandMichaelPickering THEMNEMONICIMAGINATION RememberingasCreativePractice AmandaLagerkvist MEDIAANDMEMORYINNEWSHANGHAI WesternPerformancesofFuturesPast PhilipLeeandPradipNinanThomas(editors) PUBLICMEMORY,PUBLICMEDIAANDTHEPOLITICSOFJUSTICE EricaLehrer,CynthiaE.MiltonandMonicaEileenPatterson(editors) CURATINGDIFFICULTKNOWLEDGE ViolentPastsinPublicPlaces OrenMeyers,EyalZandbergandMottiNeiger COMMUNICATINGAWE Media,MemoryandHolocaustCommemoration AnneMarieMonchamp AUTOBIOGRAPHICALMEMORYINANABORIGINALAUSTRALIANCOMMUNITY Culture,PlaceandNarrative KatharinaNiemeyer(editor) MEDIAANDNOSTALGIA YearningforthePast,PresentandFuture MargaritaSaona MEMORYMATTERSINTRANSITIONALPERU AnnaSaundersandDebbiePinfold(editors) REMEMBERINGANDRETHINKINGTHEGDR MultiplePerspectivesandPluralAuthenticities EstelaSchindelandPamelaColombo(editors) SPACEANDTHEMEMORIESOFVIOLENCE LandscapesofErasure,DisappearanceandException V.Seidler REMEMBERINGDIANA CulturalMemoryandtheReinventionofAuthority BryoniTrezise PERFORMINGFEELINGINCULTURESOFMEMORY EvelynB.TribbleandNicholasKeene COGNITIVEECOLOGIESANDTHEHISTORYOFREMEMBERING Religion,EducationandMemoryinEarlyModernEngland BarbieZelizerandKerenTenenboim-Weinblatt(editors) JOURNALISMANDMEMORY PalgraveMacmillanMemoryStudies SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–23851–0(hardback) 978–0–230–23852–7(paperback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastandingorder.Pleasecontact yourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,the titleoftheseriesandtheISBNquotedabove. CustomerServicesDepartment,MacmillanDistributionLtd,Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG21 6XS,England Space and the Memories of Violence Landscapes of Erasure, Disappearance and Exception Estela Schindel UniversitätKonstanz,Germany Pamela Colombo ÉcoledesHautesÉtudesenSciencesSociales,France Introduction,selectionandeditorialmatter©EstelaSchindeland PamelaColombo2014 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2014 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2014by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN978–1–137–38090–6hardback Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData SpaceandtheMemoriesofViolence:LandscapesofErasure,Disappearance andException/[editors]EstelaSchindel,UniversitätKonstanz,Germany; PamelaColombo,ÉcoledesHautesÉtudesenSciencesSociales,France. pages cm.—(PalgraveMacmillanmemorystudies) Includesbibliographicalreferences. ISBN978–1–137–38090–6 1. Space—Socialaspects. 2. Violence. 3. Collectivememory— Politicalaspects. 4. Crimesagainsthumanity. I. Schindel,Estela, editor. II. Colombo,Pamela,editor. HM654.S6372014 304.2(cid:2)3—dc23 2014025907 Contents ListofFigures vii Preface viii NotesonContributors x Introduction:TheMulti-LayeredMemoriesofSpace 1 PamelaColomboandEstelaSchindel Part I SpatialInscriptionsofAnnihilation 1 ViolentErasuresandErasingViolence:ContestingCambodia’s LandscapesofViolence 21 JamesA.Tyner 2 PolishLandscapesofMemoryattheSitesofExtermination: ThePoliticsofFraming 34 ZuzannaDziuban 3 SpacesofConfrontationandDefeat:TheSpatialDispossession oftheRevolutioninTucumán,Argentina 48 PamelaColombo 4 SubterraneanAutopsies:ExhumationsofMassGravesin ContemporarySpain 61 FranciscoFerrándiz Part II TheRepresentationofViolence:Spatial Strategies 5 Faces,VoicesandtheShadowofCatastrophe 77 JayWinter 6 TheCartographer.Warsaw,1:400,000 91 JuanMayorga(EnglishtranslationbySarahMaitland) 7 ‘AllLimitsWereExceededOverThere’:TheChronotopeof TerrorinModernWarfareandTestimony 105 KirstenMahlke v vi Contents 8 TheConcentrationCampandthe‘UnhomelyHome’: TheDisappearanceofChildreninPost-DictatorshipArgentine Theatre 119 MarianaEvaPerez Part III HauntedSpaces,IrruptingMemories 9 ‘TheWholeCountryIsaMonument’:FramingPlacesofTerror inPost-WarGermany 135 AleidaAssmann 10 HauntedHouses,HorrorLiteratureandtheSpaceofMemory inPost-DictatorshipArgentineLiterature 150 SilvanaMandolessi 11 Counter-Movement,SpaceandPolitics:HowtheSaturday MothersofTurkeyMakeEnforcedDisappearancesVisible 162 MeltemAhıska 12 AnOrderlyLandscapeofRemnants:NotesforReflectingon theSpatialityoftheDisappeared 176 GabrielGatti 13 ALimitlessGrave:MemoryandAbjectionoftheRíodelaPlata 188 EstelaSchindel Part IV SpacesofException,PowerandResistance 14 SpatialitiesofException 205 PilarCalveiro 15 ImaginaryCities,ViolenceandMemory:ALiteraryMapping 219 GudrunRath 16 OccupiedSquaresandtheUrban‘StateofException’:In, AgainstandBeyondtheCityofEnclaves 231 StavrosStavrides 17 ‘Memory,thatPowerfulPoliticalForce’ 244 InterviewwithDavidHarvey Index 254 Figures 1.1 MugshotofKeatSophal,arrestedon13April1977.Shewas detainedfor99daysuntilshewasexecutedon22July 22 1.2 TuolSlengSecurity-Center,PhnomPenh,Cambodia 28 2.1 Elz˙bietaJanicka,Sobibór,250,000(4July2003);fromthe cycleTheOddPlace 36 2.2 Museum-MemorialSiteinBełz˙ec 42 2.3 SobibórDeathCampMemorialSite 43 3.1 Villagesfoundedbythemilitaryduringthedictatorshipand townswhereresearchwasconducted(Tucumán,Argentina) 53 5.1 Dix,Otto.Transplantation 82 5.2 Picasso,Pablo.Guernica 83 5.3 Kiefer,Anselm.‘BreakingoftheVessels’inthecollectionof theSaintLouisArtMuseum 85 5.4 BB83_04456–HollandHouselibraryafteranairraid,1940 86 5.5 JewishMuseuminBerlin 87 9.1 MapofGermanywiththebordersof1937,showingthesites ofconcentrationcamps 137 9.2 CollectiveexcavationatthesiteoftheformerGestapo headquarters(1985) 140 9.3 Flyerof“AktionHotelSilber” 142 9.4 ‘AudiowegGusen’.ThepresentGartenstraßeinGusenin which,between1940and1945,theBarracksfromthecamp GusenIwerelocated 147 12.1 Scalemodelofthe‘CasaGrimaldi’clandestinedetention centre,SantiagodeChile,December2007 180 13.1 ReconstructionofthePortraitofPabloMíguez,byClaudia Fontes 189 13.2 DrawingsontheRiver,byJorgeVelarde 196 vii Preface The production of this book was funded by the European Research Coun- cil under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program through the research group Narratives of Terror and Disappearance (FP/2007–2013, ERC Grant Agreement No. 240984 NoT), based at the University of Konstanz. Thissourcealsograntedthemainfundingfortheinternationalsymposium thatgaveorigintothepresentvolume.Thesymposium,entitledSpatialities of Exception, Violence and Memory, took place in Madrid between 1 and 3February2012,attheResidenciadeEstudiantesandtheCentrodeCiencias Humanas y Sociales, belonging to the Spanish National Research Council (CCHS-CSIC). Further sponsorship was awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN, Acción Complementaria FFI2011– 14371-E), the research groups The Politics of Memory in Contemporary Spain (Plan Nacional I+D+i CS02009–09681) and Philosophy after the Holocaust (Plan Nacional I+D+i FFI2009–09368) and the Max Planck Research Prize Geschichte+GedächtnisfromtheUniversityofKonstanz. For their support in different phases of this project, we would like to extendourdeepestthankstoAleidaAssmann,FranciscoFerrándiz,Manuel ReyesMate,ConchaRoldán,JoséAntonioZamoraand,especially,toKirsten Mahlkewho,asdirectoroftheNoTresearchgroup,provideduswithinsti- tutionalandfinancialbackingthroughoutthisprocess,fromtheconception ofthesymposiumtothematerializationofthisbook.Kirstenstoodperma- nently at our side with her intellectual openness and creativity, offering us constantmotivationandadviceand,aboveall,hertrustinthisproject. Wewouldalsoliketomentionourcolleague,RosarioFigari-Layús,whom we thank for her skilful suggestions and organizational help during the encounter in Madrid, as well as the late Asunción Gaudens Cros, who designed the poster that publicized the symposium. Jorge Morales, along- side Victor Pareja and Cristina Ramos, gave us an invaluable logistic sup- port at the CSIC. We also thank Carlos Agüero, Amanda Demitrio, Julia Blanco, Carmen Domench, Marije Hristova, Paula Martos, Pedro Ochoa, Nicolás Oviedo and Gemma Vidal for their voluntary assistance during thosedays. We are most grateful to the series editor, Andrew Hoskins, and to every- one at Palgrave who guided and assisted us through the different stages of putting this book together. Special mention must go to Felicity Plester and ChrisPenfold. Abig‘gracias’goestoSophieOliver,PhilipDerbyshireandPhilippaPage, whoprovidedtheirpatienceandlanguageskillscorrecting,translatingand editingdifferentpartsofthemanuscriptatvariousstagesofitspreparation. viii Preface ix We would like to express our sincere thanks to the authors for their commitment and readiness to accompany us throughout this editorial and intellectualenterprise.Weappreciatetheirindividualcontributionsasmuch astheirwillingnesstoengageinthisconversationwithus,thuslinkingtheir specificcasestudiestothequestionsweaimedtodiscussherein. Our gratitude goes also to the authors of the photographs, who have accordedthenecessarypublishingrights,andtoStefanieSchumacher,who diligently searched for and contacted those holding the copyright for the images. Every attempt has been made to contact the owners of property rights.If,however,anyhaveinadvertentlybeenoverlooked,theeditorsand publisherswillbemorethanwillingtomaketheappropriatearrangements attheearliestopportunity. ThephotographillustratingthecoverofthisvolumewastakenbyEsteban Luis Santamaría on the site of what was, under the Argentine military dic- tatorshipinthe1970s,theclandestinedetentioncentreElCampito,inthe ProvinceofBuenosAires.ThislandstillbelongstoCampodeMayo,where Argentina’smainmilitarycorpscontinuestooperateitsheadquarterstoday. The former detention facilities have, however, been demolished in order to erase all traces of the kidnapping and murder of thousands of people. Meanwhile,theplacehasbeenexpropriatedfromthemilitarytosearchfor remnantsofthedisappeared,andtrialstojudgethecrimescommittedthere arebeingcarriedoutinArgentinecourts.ThepicturewastakeninSeptem- ber1999–atimewhenimpunitylawsstillprevailedinthecountry–during acommemorationorganizedbyrelativesandfriendsofthedisappeared,in ordertodrawattentiontotheplace.Theactinvolvedplacingthesilhouettes thathavebecomecharacteristicofactionscarriedoutbyArgentinehuman rights movements in memory of the desaparecidos. When Esteban Santa- maría–himselfasonofdisappeared–gavehispermissiontousethepicture, hewrotethefollowingwordsaboutthemomentthephotographwastaken: ‘When they installed the silhouettes, the wind was buffeting against them, thelandscapebehindthemwasinfinite,thetreeshadnoleaves,everything seemed so solitary. As we were leaving, I looked at everybody and noticed howsadweweretoleavethosesilhouettesofthedetainee-disappearedthere alone.’ The editors wish that this book may help the memories of the dis- appearedandmurderednottoremainalone,withthewindandadesolate landscapeassolewitnesses. Estela Schindel dedicates her work in this book in memory of Leib and Ester Malka Ortner Z’L and their children and grandchildren murdered in Belzecin1942. Pamela Colombo wishes to dedicate this book to her niece, Anita, and nephew, Benicio, hoping that they can grow up imagining new spaces ofhope.
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